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1 University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Department of Physical Therapy and Research Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2 Isala clinics, site Sophia, Department of Physiotherapy, Zwolle, The Netherlands
3 Boston University, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Dr G Kwakkel, Department of Physical Therapy, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Universiteit Department of Physiotherapy, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
g.kwakkel{at}vum.nl
Design: A three group randomised controlled trial with repeated measures was used.
Method: One hundred and one patients with a primary middle cerebral artery stroke were randomly allocated to one of three groups for a 20 week rehabilitation programme with an emphasis on (1) upper limb function, (2) lower limb function or (3) immobilisation with an inflatable pressure splint (control group). Follow up assessments within and between groups were compared at 6, 9, and 12 months after stroke.
Results: No statistically significant effects were found for treatment assignment from 6 months onwards. At a group level, the significant differences in efficacy demonstrated at 20 weeks after stroke in favour of the lower limb remained. However, no significant differences in functional recovery between groups were found for Barthel index (BI), functional ambulation categories (FAC),action research arm test (ARAT), comfortable and maximal walking speed, Nottingham health profile part 1(NHP-part 1), sickness impact profile-68 (SIP-68), and Frenchay activities index (FAI) from 6 months onwards. At an individual subject level a substantial number of patients showed improvement or deterioration in upper limb function (n=8 and 5, respectively) and lower limb function (n=19 and 9, respectively). Activities of daily living (ADL) scores showed that five patients deteriorated and four improved beyond the error threshold from 6 months onwards. In particular, patients with some but incomplete functional recovery at 6 months are likely to continue to improve or regress from 6 months onwards.
Conclusions: On average patients maintained their functional gains for up to 1 year after stroke after receiving a 20 week upper or lower limb function training programme. However, a significant number of patients with incomplete recovery showed improvements or deterioration in dexterity, walking ability, and ADL beyond the error threshold.
Keywords: cerebrovascular disorders; rehabilitation; intensity; long term effects
Abbreviations: SAN, Dutch Foundation aphasia test; MMSE, mini mental state examination; OPS, Orpinton prognostic scale; BI, Barthel index; FAC, functional ambulation categories; ARAT, action research arm test; NHP, Nottingham health profile; SIP, sickness impact profile; FAI, Frenchay activities index; ADL, activities of daily living
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