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Saccade dysfunction associated with chronic petrol sniffing and lead encephalopathy

¹ The Neuropsychology Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
² School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria
³ Menzies School of Health Research, Flinders University and Northern Territory Clinical School, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
⁴ Brain Research Unit, Drug and Alcohol Services, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Dr Sheree Cairney
Menzies School of Health Research, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia; Sheree.Cairney{at}menzies.edu.au

Background: In chronic petrol sniffers, recent exposure to high levels of leaded petrol may give rise to a lead encephalopathy characterised by tremor, chorea, ataxia, hyperreflexia, convulsive seizures, and death. Neurological abnormalities associated with lead encephalopathy involve the cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and brain stem.

Objective: To use saccadic eye movement tasks as an experimental tool to determine which CNS changes are associated with chronic petrol sniffing and which with a history of lead encephalopathy, and to what extent these changes are reversible.

Methods: Saccade function was assessed in chronic petrol sniffers with a history of lead encephalopathy (encephalopathic sniffers), chronic petrol sniffers who had never suffered lead encephalopathy (chronic sniffers), individuals who had sniffed petrol in the past but had not done so for more than six months (ex-sniffers), and individuals who had never sniffed petrol (non-sniffers).

Results: Chronic sniffers showed increased latency of visually guided saccades and antisaccades and increased antisaccade errors which suggested cortical and basal ganglia dysfunction. These abnormalities returned to normal in ex-sniffers. Encephalopathic sniffers showed the same abnormalities as chronic sniffers but with greater severity and additional saccadic signs including dysmetria, gaze evoked nystagmus, and saccade slowing which usually indicate cerebellar and brain stem dysfunction.

Conclusions: Chronic petrol abuse is associated with cortical and basal ganglia abnormalities that are at least partially recoverable with abstinence. Additional long term cerebellar and brain stem abnormalities are associated with lead encephalopathy.

Keywords: substance abuse; petrol; lead encephalopathy; saccade