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Neuropsychological dysfunction following repeat concussions in jockeys

¹ School of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Washington Singer Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
² Division of Clinical Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester MI3 9PL, UK
³ Department of Neuropsychology, Regional Neuroscience Centre, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle NE4 6BE, UK
⁴ Clinical Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XL, Surrey, UK
⁵ NHS Lothian, Astley Ainslie Hospital, Edinburgh EH9 2HL, UK
⁶ South Birmingham Primary Care Trust, Birmingham B13 8JL, UK
⁷ Medical Director, Jockey Club, London WC2H 8AL, UK

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Dr W H Williams
School of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Washington Singer Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK; w.h.williams{at}ex.ac.uk

ABSTRACT
Background: Single and repeat concussions have a high prevalence in sport. However, there is limited research into longterm risks associated with single and repeat concussions.

Objectives: To determine the effects of single and repeat historical concussions on the neuropsychological functioning and neurological reports of licensed jockeys.

Methods: Six hundred and ninety eight licensed jockeys in the UK were assessed for neurological and neuropsychological symptoms of concussion at least three months after potential episodes.

Results: Jockeys reporting multiple historical injuries versus a single injury showed reliable decrements on a measure of response inhibition and, to a less robust degree, on divided attention. Younger adults showed greater vulnerability.

Conclusions: Repeated concussion is associated with reliable decrements in cognitive performance—even after a three month window for recent recovery.

Abbreviations: PCS, post-concussion symptoms

Keywords: concussion; mild brain injury; sport

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Neuropsychological dysfunction following repeat concussions in jockeys

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