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School of
Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Correspondence to: Dr MJ Aminoff, Box 0114, Room M-794, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Telephone 001 415 476 1986.
Received 16 February 1998 and in revised form 26 May 1998;
Accepted 1 June
1998
| The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
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Introduction |
|---|
Dystonia and chorea are uncommon abnormal movements which can
be seen in a wide array of disorders. One quarter of dystonias and
essentially all choreas are symptomatic or secondary, the underlying
cause being an identifiable neurodegenerative disorder, hereditary
metabolic defect, or acquired systemic medical disorder. Dystonia and
chorea associated with neurodegenerative or heritable metabolic
disorders have been reviewed frequently.1 Here we review
the underlying pathogenesis of chorea and dystonia in acquired general
medical disorders (table 1), and discuss diagnostic and therapeutic
approaches. The most common aetiologies are hypoxia-ischaemia and
medications.2-4 Infections and autoimmune and metabolic
disorders are less frequent causes. Not uncommonly, a given systemic
disorder may induce more than one type of dyskinesia by more than one
mechanism.
| Table Removed (Available Only in the Full Text) |
The areas of the brain associated with particular movement disorders
have been determined by cerebral imaging and necropsies of patients,
and by animal lesioning studies.5-7 Based on such data,
chorea
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