Expanded motor and psychiatric phenotype in autosomal dominant Segawa syndrome due to GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency
- J L K Van Hove1,2,
- J Steyaert3,
- G Matthijs4,
- E Legius4,
- P Theys5,
- R Wevers6,
- A Romstad7,
- L B Møller7,
- K Hedrich8,
- D Goriounov9,
- N Blau9,
- C Klein8,
- P Casaer2
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- 3Department of Child Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- 4Department of Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- 5Department of Neurology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- 6University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- 7John F. Kennedy Institute, Glostrup, Denmark
- 8Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- 9University Children’s Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
- Correspondence to: Johan L K Van Hove University of Colorado Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimmons, Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Mail stop 8313, PO Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045-0511, USA; Johan.Vanhove{at}uchsc.edu
- Received 10 August 2004
- Accepted 14 April 2005
- Revised 14 March 2005
Abstract
Background: Segawa syndrome due to GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency is an autosomal dominant disorder with variable expression, that is clinically characterised by l-dopa responsive, diurnally fluctuating dystonia and parkinsonian symptoms.
Objective: To delineate the neurological and psychiatric phenotype in all affected individuals of three extended families.
Methods: GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency was documented by biochemical analyses, enzymatic measurements in fibroblasts, and molecular investigations. All affected individuals were examined neurologically, and psychiatric data were systematically reviewed.
Results: Eighteen affected patients from three families with proven GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency were identified. Eight patients presenting at less than 20 years of age had typical motor symptoms of dystonia with diurnal variation. Five family members had late-presenting mild dopa-responsive symptoms of rigidity, frequent falls, and tendonitis. Among mutation carriers older than 20 years of age, major depressive disorder, often recurrent, and obsessive-compulsive disorder were strikingly more frequent than observed in the general population. Patients responded well to medication increasing serotonergic neurotransmission and to l-dopa substitution. Sleep disorders including difficulty in sleep onset and maintenance, excessive sleepiness, and frequent disturbing nightmares were present in 55% of patients.
Conclusion: Physicians should be aware of this expanded phenotype in affected members of families with GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency.
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- DGGE, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
- 5-HIAA, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid
- HVA, homovanillic acid
- MHPG, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol
- MSLT, multiple sleep latency test
Footnotes
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This work was supported in part by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KH and CK) and by Swiss National Science Foundation grant no. 31-66953.01 (NB)
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Competing interests: none declared
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The patients described in this report gave their informed consent for their details to be published
