Effect of immigration on multiple sclerosis sex ratio in Canada: the Canadian Collaborative Study
- S-M Orton1,
- S V Ramagopalan1,
- D Brocklebank1,
- B M Herrera1,
- D A Dyment1,
- I M Yee2,
- A D Sadovnick2,
- G C Ebers1
- 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 2Department of Medical Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Correspondence to Professor G C Ebers, University Department of Clinical Neurology, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; george.ebers{at}clneuro.ox.ac.uk
- Received 9 November 2008
- Revised 15 May 2009
- Accepted 28 June 2009
- Published Online First 25 August 2009
Abstract
Background: The ratio of female to male (F:M) multiple sclerosis (MS) cases varies geographically, generally being greater in areas of high prevalence. In many regions, including Canada, rising MS incidence in women has been implied by the marked increase in F:M ratio.
Methods: We examined the F:M ratio over time in MS patients in the Canadian Collaborative Study born outside Canada, with onset postmigration (n = 2531). We compared the trends to native-born Canadians, by region of origin and age at migration.
Results: Regression analysis showed that year of birth (YOB) was a significant predictor of sex ratio in immigrants (χ2 = 21.4, p<0.001 correlation r = 0.61). The rate of change in sex ratio was increasing in all migrant subgroups (by a factor of 1.16 per 10-year period, p<0.001), with the steepest increase observed in those from Southern Europe (1.27/10 years, p<0.001). The overall immigrant F:M ratio was 2.17, but varied by country of origin. It was significantly lower in migrants from Southern Europe compared with Northern Europe or USA (1.89 vs 2.14 and 2.86, p = 0.023 and p = 0.0003, respectively). Increasing age at immigration was associated with decreasing sex ratio (p = 0.041). The sex ratio of individuals migrating <21 was significantly higher than those migrating ≥21 (2.79 vs 1.96, p = 0.004).
Conclusions: MS sex ratio in immigrants to Canada is increasing but variable by region of origin and influenced by age at migration. The findings highlight the importance of environmental effect(s) in MS risk, which are likely gender-specific.
Footnotes
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Members of the Canadian Collaborative Study Group include: JJ-F Oger, DW Paty, SA Hashimoto, V Devonshire, J Hooge, J, P Smythe, T Traboulsee (Vancouver), L Metz (Calgary), S Warren (Edmonton), W Hader (Saskatoon), R Nelson, M Freedman (Ottawa), D Brunet (Kingston), J Paulseth (Hamilton), G Rice, M Kremenchutzky (London), P O’Connor, T Gray, M Hohol (Toronto), P Duquette, Y Lapierre (Montreal), J-P Bouchard (Quebec City), TJ Murray, V Bhan, C Maxner (Halifax), W Pryse-Phillips, M Stefanelli (St Johns).
S-MO participated in the writing of the manuscript, literature searches, data analysis and production of figures and tables. BMH participated in the writing of the report and did literature searches. IMY compiled the raw data and managed the database. DB was involved in the statistical analyses. SVR and DAD contributed to editing, reference searching, and intial setup. GE and ADS planned and executed the study with their students and colleagues.
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Funding S-MO was supported by a Clarendon scholarship (University of Oxford) and BMH was supported by a UK MS Society studentship. SVR was funded by a UK MRC studentship.
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Competing interests None.
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Provenance and Peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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Ethics approval Ethics approval was provided by IRB, University of British Columbia.
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Patient consent Obtained.
