The number of newly approved drugs for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) has notably increased over the last years. However, their effects on brain tissue damage are almost invariably the same, that is, essentially anti-inflammatory. Yet we know today that, in the multiple sclerosis (MS) brain, apart from acute and visible inflammation, there is a less visible degenerative process that is partly dependent on such acute inflammation and partly independent of it. Importantly, degeneration starts at the earliest stages of the disease, it is responsible for the slow accrual of disability observed in progressive MS subtypes, and, unfortunately, no treatment has yet been able to effectively stop it. In the paper by Filippi et al,1 the …