Review articleImaging evidence for anatomical disturbances and neuroplastic compensation in persons with Tourette syndrome☆
Section snippets
Methods
We have elected to limit this review to anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of TS. This imaging modality provides excellent tissue contrast at high spatial resolution, thus permitting precise measurement of even of small structures in the brain. We performed a Medline search with the following search terms: (anatomical MR OR MRI OR Neuroimaging) AND (TS OR Tourette syndrome OR tics OR tic disorder) (n=408). We selected for review all original studies that used anatomical MRI to
Basal ganglia
Several lines of evidence suggest that the basal ganglia are a likely site for the generation of tics. Motor portions of the basal ganglia control the velocity and direction of movement, and a loss of behavioral control for scaling of those two features of otherwise normal movements is innate to tics [17]. The stereotyped, repetitive nature of tics are also akin to motor or vocal habits [18], which derive primarily from the striatum [19]. Children and adults with TS are impaired in
Discussion
Findings from anatomical imaging studies have helped to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of TS and the neurobiological determinants of the clinical course of this disorder. First, the basal ganglia and motor cortex portions of cortical–subcortical circuits are recognized as the likely origin of tic behaviors, with a smaller caudate nucleus present in children [32], [33], [45] and adults [33], and a thinning of the sensorimotor and motor cortices documented in children [54]. The
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2020, Biological PsychiatryA superior ability to suppress fast inappropriate responses in children with Tourette syndrome is further improved by prospect of reward
2019, NeuropsychologiaCitation Excerpt :Also, imaging studies of adults with TS have diametrically opposite findings to studies of children with regards to brain volume in areas such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, which have been found to be larger in children with TS, but smaller in adults with TS, in comparison to age matched controls (Peterson et al., 2007, 2001). This has been hypothesised to represent compensatory plasticity in children and a failure of theses mechanisms in adults with TS who do not experience the attenuation of tic symptoms observed in most children with TS (Eichele and Plessen 2013; Plessen et al., 2009; Leckman et al., 1998). We aimed to investigate the impact of prospect of reward (POR) on inhibitory aspects of cognitive motor control during a modified Simon task, comparing medication-naïve children with TS with typically developing controls and children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Cingulate role in Tourette syndrome
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This work was supported in part by National Institute of Mental Health grants (MHK02-74677, MH59139, and MH068318), the Suzanne Crosby Murphy Endowment at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and by a grant from the MoodNet, Health Authorities of West Norway.