Psychosocial scales used in the questionnaire
| Scale | Author and reference No | Format | Range of scores | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety | Zigmond and Snaith24 | 7 statements, Likert answers | 0-21 | Higher scores = greater anxiety. Score ⩾ 8 borderline anxiety |
| Depression | Zigmond and Snaith24 | 7 statements, Likert answers | 0-21 | Higher scores = greater depression. Score ⩾ 8 borderline depression |
| Mastery | Pearlin and Schooler26 | 7 statements, Likert answers strongly agree to strongly disagree | 7-28 | High levels = high levels of mastery |
| Self esteem | Rosenberg25 | 10 statements, Likert answers strongly agree to strongly disagree | 10-40 | High scores = high levels of self esteem |
| Stigma | Jacoby28 29 | 3 statements, yes/no | 0-3 | Higher scores = greater feelings of stigmatisation |
| Affect balance | Bradburn27 | 10 statements, yes/no | −10-+10 | Higher negative scores = greater feelings of negative affect, higher positive scores = greater feelings of positive affect |
| Impact of epilepsy | Jacoby et al 30 | 10 statements, Likert answers a lot to not at all | 8-40 | High scores = greater impact of epilepsy on everyday life |
| Overall QOL | Andrews and Withey23 | 7 faces with variable facial expression | 1-7 | Low scores associated with better QOL |
| Overall health status | 5 statements excellent to poor | 1-5 | Low scores associated with better overall health |
Adapted from Jacoby et al 30.
QOL = quality of life.