Table 5

Factors associated with depression after stroke in this and previous similar studies

Factor	Wade et al15	Ebrahim et al16	Andersen et al17	Burvill et al18	Herrman et al19	Kotila et al20	Pohjasvaara et al21	Current study
Increasing age	++	–	–	–	++	++	–	–
Female sex	++	–	++	–	+	+	–	–
Living alone	0	–	+	0	0	–	0	–
Prior stroke	0	–	+	0	0	0	–	++
Prior disability	0	0	0	0	0	–	0	–
Comorbidity	0	0	–	–	0	–	0	0
Prior depression	0	0	+	0	++	0	++	0
Prior social distress	0	0	+	0	0	0	0	0
Not working before	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	+
Low social class	0	0	+	–	0	0	0	0
Prior smoker	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	+
Stroke severity	0	+	0	0	++	++	++	++
Side	–	–	–	0	–	–	–	–
Lesion volume	0	0	–	0	++	0	0	0
Anterior circulation	0	0	–	0	0	0	–	++
Cognitive impairment	+	0	++	–	++	0	–	+
Poor functional status	+	+	–	+	++	0	++	++
Low social activity	++	0	++	+	0	0	0	0
Proportion of variance explained by best model	60%		42%		18%			27%

Note: ++ = significant (p<0.05) in multivariate model; +=significant (p<0.05) in univariate analysis; 0=not examined/reported; −=not significant in either univariate or multivariate model