Pettigrew 1 | 22 (2–72) | 8 stroke | 1 month–32 y | 5 basal ganglia | Multiple meds (5−) |
| (mean 36) | 4 perinatal | | 1 frontoparietal | Levodopa (2+, 4−) |
| | 3 trauma | | 1 porencephalic cyst | Trihexyphenidyl (4+, 4−) |
| | 2 storage d/o | | 1 cerebral atrophy | Haloperidol (2−) |
| | 2 neurodegen. | | 1 putamen | Ethopropazine (1−) |
| | 2 post-thalamotomy | | 2 internal capsule | Propranolol (1−) |
| | 1 encephalitis | | 1 striatum | Levodopa/baclofen (1+) |
| | | | 1 thalamus | Levodopa/trihexyphenidyl (1+) |
| | | | 1 thalamus/basal ganglia | Baclofen/trihexyphenidyl (1+) |
| | | | 1 pallidal | Benzodiazepines (1−) |
| | | | 7 normal scans | Amantadine (1−) |
| | | | | Thalamotomy (3tr+) |
| | | | | |
Giroud 2 | 18 | Stroke | ? | 14 basal ganglia | ?benzodiazepines (−) |
| (mean 10) | 14 ischaemic | | | Baclofen (−) |
| | 4 haemorrhagic | | | |
| | | | | |
Nardocci3 | 11 | 9 stroke | 1 month–9 y | 6 lenticular | Trihexyphenidyl (1+, 4−) |
| (mean 18.5) | 1 perinatal | | 4 IC | 5 thalamotomies (2+, 1+/−, & 1tr+) |
| | 1 antiphospholipid syndrome | | 3 putamen | |
| | | | 4 caudate | |
| | | | | |
Dooling4 | 4 (12, 20, 5, 2) | Infection | Several months–10 y | 3 caudate | Not discussed |
| | | | 4 putamen | |
| | | | 3 IC/insula/temporal/2 inf frontal/thalamus | |
| | | | | |
Burke5 | 5 (7, 9, 6, 8*, 55) | 3 perinatal | 13 months–9 y | 1 hemiatrophy | Levodopa (tr+) |
| | 1 trauma | | 1 focal EEG/spikes | Benzhexol (+) |
| | 1 stroke | | 4 CTs normal | Benzhexol (+) |
| | | | | Clonazepam (w) |
| *(#15 in our series) | | | | Diazepam? |
| | | | | Perphenazine? |
| | | | | |
Marsden9 | 18 (1–60) | 2 tumour | 0–14 y | 3 lenticular | Not discussed |
| (mean 18) | 2 AVM | | 1 caudate | |
| | 6 strokes | | 2 posterior thalamus | |
| | 3 trauma | | 1 capsulolenticular | |
| | 1 infection | | 1 frontocaudate | |
| | 2 anoxia | | 1 frontolenticular/thalamus/caudate | |
| | 2 infantile epilepsy | | 1 lenticular/IC/caudate | |
| *(Three cases already reported in Narbona, Obeso, and Brett:see below) | | 4 hemiatrophy | |
| | | | | |
Lee10 | 6 (53, 55, 74, 71, 23, 4) | 4 strokes | 0–9 months | Thalamus | Levodopa (1−) |
| | 1 haemorrhage | | Subthalamic nucleus | |
| | 1 trauma | | | |
| | | | | |
Leiguarda11 | 5 (37, 38, 68, 30, 47) | Stroke/Rx with bromocriptine | Few weeks | Frontotemporal (3) | d/c bromocriptine (+) |
| | | | Parietal (4)/lenticular (3)/Internal capsule (3) | |
| | | | Thalamus (1) | |
| | | | | |
Kostic12 | 4 (35, 47, 59, 26) | 3 strokes | 1–2 y | Lenticular/IC | Not discussed |
| | 1 AVM | 1 y | Putamen | |
| | | | Lenticular/IC/caudate | |
| | | | Temporal/caudate | |
| | | | | |
Rumbach13 | 1 (3) | Stroke | 2 months | Cerebellum | Muscle relaxants (−) |
| | | | Ipsilateral basal ganglia | Anticholinergic (−) |
| | | | SPECT: frontoparietal | Levodopa (−) |
| | | | | Thalamic DBS (−) |
| | | | | Botox (tr+) |
| | | | | |
Ghika-Schmid14 | 2 (?) | Stroke | ? | Thalamus/IC/lenticular | Not discussed |
| | | | Parietotemporal | |
| | | | | |
Glatt15 | 2 (62, 68) | 1 tumour | 3 y | Parasagittal | Anticholingeric (w) |
| | 1 stroke | 4 months | Occipitotemporal/post lateral thalamus | Dopaminergic (w) |
| | | | | Dopamine blocking agent (slight +) |
| | | | | |
Lehericy16 | 1 (51) | Stroke | 3 weeks | Putamen/caudate/lateral pallidum/insula/IC | Not discussed |
Burton17 | 1 (47) | Stroke | 9 months | Putamen/IC/caudate | Not discussed |
| | | | | |
Hankey18 | 1 (3) | Stroke-mild (Moya-Moya) | 20 y | Lentiform nucleus (old infarct) | Levodopa (+) |
| | | | | |
Oppenheimer19 | 1 (8) | Stroke | Hours | Putamen/caudate | Not discussed |
| | | | | |
Demierre20 | 3 (3, 7, 17) | Stroke | 3–4 weeks | Putamen/caudate/IC | Anticholinergic (w) |
| | | | | Baclofen/tetrazepam (−) |
| | | | | Piribedil/baclofen/clonazepam (+) |
| | | | | Piribedil/clonazepam/dantrolene (+) |
| | | | | Benzodiazepine or dantroline (+) |
| | | | | Piribedil (+) |
| | | | | |
Grimes21 | 1 (9) | Stroke | 6 months | Putamen/caudate | Not treated |
| | | | | |
Sunohara22 | 1 (61) | Stroke | 3 months | IL putamen/thalamus | Levodopa (−) |
| | | | CL thalamus | Phenytoin (−) |
| | | | | Haloperidol (−) |
| | | | | Carbamazepine (−) |
| | | | | Diazepam (sl.+) |
| | | | | Clonazepam (+) (8 mg) |
| | | | | 5-HTP (+) (300 mg) |
| | | | | |
Fross23 | 1 (47) | Stroke | 9 months | Putamen (MRI/PET) | not discussed |
| | | | | |
Factor24 | 1 (18) | Stroke | 16 y | Frontoparietal | Trihexyphenidyl (+) (9 mg) |
| | | | Subcortical WM | |
| | | | Lentiform nucleus | |
| | | | Thalamus | |
| | | | | |
*Obeso25 | 1 (22) | Hemiplegic migraine | 4 months | Thalamus/IC/striatum | Pimozide (UE−, LE+) |
| | | | | Propranolol (30%+UE) |
| | | | | Propranolol/valproic acid (+) |
| | | | | Propranolol/clonazepam (+) |
| | | | | |
Giroud26 | 1 (9) | Stroke | 21 days | Caudate/IC/putamen | Benzodiazepines/dantrolene (?) |
| | | | | |
Krystkowiak27 | 2 (39, 52) | Stroke | 6 weeks, 4 months | Putamen/caudate/Gpe | Not discussed |
| | | | Caudate/putamen/pallidum/thalamus | |
| | | | | |
Fernandez28 | 1 (38) | Stroke | 18 weeks | Right midbrain | Baclofen (−) (30 mg) |
| | | | | Benztropine (−) (0.5 mg) |
| | | | | Amantadine (−) |
| | | | | Valproic acid (−) |
| | | | | Levodopa (−) |
| | | | | Pimozide (−) |
| | | | | Perphenazine (−) |
| | | | | Mexilitine (−) |
| | | | | Carbamazepine (−) |
| | | | | Phenobarbital (−) |
| | | | | Clozapine (−) |
| | | | | Pallidal DBS (transient +) |
| | | | | |
Takahashi29 | 1 (5) | Stroke | None | Caudate/putamen | Haloperidol (−) (1 mg) |
| | | | | Levodopa (−) |
| | | | | Diazepam (−) |
| | | | | Dantrolene (−) |
| | | | | |
Gille30 | 1 (68) | Stroke | 8 months | Posterolateral thalamus | Not discussed |
| | | | | |
Krauss31 | 1 (9) | Stroke/trauma | Months | Parieto-occipital lobe | Thalamotomy (transient +) |
| | | | Insula/putamen | |
| | | | | |
Lee32 | 5 (6, 12, 24, 21, 21) | Trauma | Several months–9 y | Lenticular/IC/thalamus | Clonazepam (+) |
| | | (mean 2 y) | Posterolateral thalamus | Trihexyphenidyl (−) |
| | | | Lenticular/IC | Levodopa (−) |
| | | | Inferior frontal | Propranolol (−) |
| | | | None in one case | Carbamazepine (−) |
| | | | | Tetrabenazine (−) |
| | | | | Baclofen (−) |
|
Krauss33 | 6 (8, 13, 6, 6, 13, 18) | Trauma | 3 months–4 y | 3 caudate | Trihexyphenidyl, pimozide, tetrabenazine, methlydopa (−) |
| | | (Mean 1.8 y) | 6 putamen | Dantrolene, diazepam, bromazepam (+) |
| | | | 3 pallidum | Trihexyphenidyl (+) |
| | | | CL hemiatrophy | Chlormezepam, phenytoin, biperidin, haldol (−) |
| | | | | Thalamotomy (most transient + but three sustained +) |
| | | | | |
Eaton34 | 1 (56) | Trauma | 10 weeks | L.subdural haematoma | Removal of haematoma (+) |
| | | | | |
Mauro35 | 2 (7, 8) | Trauma | 2 weeks–few days | 1 caudate, 1 putamen | Carbamazepine/trihexyphenidyl (−) |
| | | | | |
Andrew36 | 1 (8) | Trauma | 1 day | Caudate/IC/lenticular nucleus | Thalamotomy (+) |
| | | | | |
*Brett37 | 1 (5) | Trauma | 1 week | Basal ganglia | Not discussed |
| | | | | |
Perlmutter38 | 1 (50) | Trauma | 20 min | Basal ganglia by PET | Clonazepam/iv benztropine (−) |
| | | | CT normal | Levodopa (w) |
| | | | | Haloperidol (tr+) |
| | | | | Phenytoin (+) |
| | | | | Trihexyphenidyl (+) |
| | | | | Phenytoin/trihexyphenidyl (++) |
| | | | | |
O'Callaghan39 | 1 (12) | Trauma | ∼2 y | N/A | Pallidotomy (tr+) |
| | | | | Thalamotomy (+) |
| | | | | |
Sellal40 | 1 (16) | Trauma (extradural haematoma) | 2 months | Thalamus/IC | Baclofen (−) (50 mg) |
| | | | | Levodopa (−) (1 g) |
| | | | | Haloperidol (−) (5 mg) |
| | | | | Clonazepam (−) (3 mg) |
| | | | | 5-HTP (−) (300 mg) |
| | | | | Thalamic DBS (+) |
| | | | | |
Kellner41 | 1 (63) | Trauma | 1 y | Lentiform nucleus | Not discussed |
| | | | Frontoparietal WM | |
| | | | | |
Midgard42 | 1 (13) | Perinatal | 13 y | Striatal atrophy (putamen/caudate) | Diazepam (−), alcohol (+), |
| | | | | Propranolol/tetrabenazine (−) |
| | | | | Trihexyphenidyl (+) |
| | | | | |
Saint-Hilaire43 | 2 (8, 15) | Perinatal | 8–15 y | CL hemiatrophy (CT) | Anticholinergics (+) |
| | | | | |
Treves44 | 1 (40) | Perinatal | 40 y | N/A | Carbamazepine (+) |
| | | | | |
Krauss45 | 2 (9, 15) | Astrocytoma | None | Basal ganglia or thalamus | Steroids (−) |
| | | | | |
Sciarra46 | 1 (15) | Tumour | ? | Basal ganglia/thalamus | Surgical resection (+) |
| | | | | |
Krauss47 | 1 (57) | Tumour | ? | Parieto-occipital | Surgical resection (+) |
| | | | Compression of basal ganglia | |
| | | | | |
*Narbona48 | 1 (8) | Tumour, astrocytoma | ? | Putamen | Haloperidol (−) |
| | | | | Benzhexol (−) |
| | | | | Chlorpromazine (−) |
| | | | | Levodopa (−) |
| | | | | Carbamazepine (+) |
| | | | | XRT (slight +, 10%) |
| | | | | |
Vandertop49 | 1 (8) | Tumour | ? | Chiasm/hypothalamus | Not discussed |
| | | | | |
Gordin50 | 1 (22) | Encephalitis | Days | Putamen/pallidum | Luminal/somnifen (−) |
| | | | | |
Micheli51 | 1 (11) | Infection (toxoplasmosis) | 4 days | None | Trihexyphenidyl (−) |
| | | | CT/MRI normal | Delorazepam (−) |
| | | | | Antibiotics for toxoplasmosis (+) |
| | | | | |
Burband52 | 1 (14) | Herpes zoster arteritis | 6 weeks | Putamen/caudate | Trihexyphenidyl/levodopa (−) |
| | | | | Baclofen (+) |
| | | | | Botox (+) |
Caviness53 | 1 (45) | Sarcoidosis | 3 y | None | Intravenous steroids (+) |
| | | | MRI normal | Levodopa (slight +) |
| | | | | Pergolide |
| | | | | Prednisone |
| | | | | Baclofen |
| | | | | Levodopa/clonazepam (+) |
| | | | | |
Awaad54 | 1 (3) | Glutaric aciduria | 3 years | FDG-PET: decrease in striatum/frontal cortex/insula | Baclofen (+) 80% |
| | | | MRI: bifrontal temporal atrophy | |
| | | | | |
Jimenez-Jiminez55 | 1 (47) | Thiethylperazine | None | None | biperiden (+) |
| | | | CT/MRI normal | |
| | | | | |
Angelini56 | 3 (7, 12, 14) | Antiphospholipid syndrome (stroke) | 0–3 months | Posterior IC | Prednisone (1−) |
| | | | putamen | |
| | | | putamen/caudate | |
| | | | | |
Friedman57 | 2 (14, 24) | AVM | ? | basal ganglia temporoparietal | Anticholinergics (1+) |
| | | | | |
Leenders58 | 1 (7) | Congenital (?AVM) | ? | Brain stem/thalamus | Trihexyphenidyl (+) |
| | | | F-dopa PET: CL striatum | |
| | | | | |
Lees59 | 1 (7) | ? | 1 y | N/A | Smoking (tr+ 30 min) |
| | | | | Benzhexol (+) |
| | | | | Benzodiazepines (−) |
| | | | | Nicotine (tr+ 1 h) |
| | | | | |
Quinn60 | 1 (7) | ? | ? | L. basal ganglia | Not discussed |
| | | | Bilateral midbrain (L>R) | |