Reference | Subjects | Methods | Results | |||
Raine et al 51 | 21 community volunteers with ASPD, compared with 26 substance dependent subjects, 21 psychiatric controls, and 34 healthy controls | Prefrontal volume as measured using MRI brain scans | • ASPD significant 11.0% reduction in prefrontal gray matter compared with controls; 13.9% reduction compared with substance dependent group | |||
Woermann et al 52 | 24 aggressive patients with TLE, compared with 24 non-aggressive TLE patients and 35 controls | Voxel by voxel analysis of grey matter density using MRI brain scans | • Aggressive TLE patients had decreased left frontal grey matter compared with non-aggressive TLE and controls | |||
Kuruoglu et al 53 | 40 alcohol-dependent subjects (15 with ASPD), compared with 10 age and sex matched controls | Resting SPECT | • ASPD subjects had significant anterior frontal hypoperfusion compared with other alcohol dependent subjects and controls | |||
Amen et al 54 | 40 aggressive psychiatric patients compared with 40 non-aggressive psychiatric controls | Resting SPECT | • Aggressive subjects showed decreased activity in prefrontal cortex, increased activity in left subcortical structures | |||
Hirono et al 55 | 10 aggressive dementia patients compared with 10 non-aggressive dementia patients | Resting SPECT | • Aggressive subjects had significant left anterior temporal and bilateral dorsofrontal hypoperfusion | |||
• No differences in orbitofrontal regions | ||||||
Volkow and Tancredi56 | Four forensic psychiatric patients with repetitive violence compared with four normal controls | Resting PET (15O-water and 18FDG) | • Significantly decreased left temporal CBF and metabolism in four patients | |||
• Significant frontal decreases in two subjects with “no remorse” | ||||||
Volkow et al 57 | Eight psychiatric patients with repetitive violence compared with eight normal controls | Resting18FDG PET | • Seven of eight violent patients, one control subject, showed multiple areas with significantly decreased metabolism | |||
• Violent patients showed significantly greater reduction in bilateral prefrontal and medial temporal regions | ||||||
Goyer et al 58 | 17 subjects with DSM-III personality disorder (PD), 43 controls | • Activated 18FDG PET | • Increased MAS correlated with decreased orbitofrontal metabolism in PD subjects | |||
• Self reported “impulsive aggression” on modified aggression scale (MAS) | ||||||
• No differences in CPT performance | ||||||
• CPT to assess prefrontal function | ||||||
Raine et al 59 | Attorney referrals of 41 persons charged with murder or manslaughter, matched controls | 18FDG PET with frontal activation by CPT | • “Murderers” showed significant bilateral metabolic decreases in prefrontal cortex, and left subcortical structures | |||
• No differences in CPT performance | ||||||
Pietrini et al 62 | 15 young healthy volunteers selected for visual imagery abilities | 15O-water PET superimposed on averaged brain MR scans | • Evoked aggressive imagery correlated with significant decreases in ventromedial frontal CBF |
PET=Positron emission tomography; SPECT=single photon emission computed tomography;
15O water=15Oxygen water;
18FDG=18Flouorodeoxyglucose; CBF=cerebral blood flow; CPT=continuous performance task; TLE=temporal lobe epilepsy.