Adhesion molecules in human stroke
| Reference | Model/group | Time period/method | Results | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; MPO, myeloperoxidase; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule. | ||||
| ICAM-1 (see also29 in table 3 ) | ||||
| Clark et al, 199367 | Ischaemic stroke and volunteers (n = 39) with risk factors, eg hypertension, diabetes | <72 hours post clinical onset (ischaemic stroke); soluble plasma ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) assay; MPO based assay for neutrophil adherence | Low sICAM-1 and increased neutrophil adhesion in stroke group | Non-longitudinal data |
| Kim et al, 199568 | Ischaemic stroke (n = 10) and TIA (n = 6) | <72 hours post clinical onset; peripheral leucocyte CD11a/CD18 immunofluorescence; repeat measurements up to 7 days | CD-11a raised in both stroke and TIA v controls | CD18 raised only in TIA group; relation between peripheral v cerebral activation unclear |
| Frijns et al, 199769 | Ischaemic stroke (n = 28) and TIA (n = 34) due to symptomatic ICA stenosis and controls (n = 34) | <2 days post ischaemic stroke;>1 week post TIA; plasma soluble ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 ELISA; single measurement | Soluble ICAM-1 not raised; soluble VCAM-1 significantly raised | Selectin group also raised in ischaemic stroke and TIA v controls |
| Fiszer et al, 199870 | Ischaemic stroke (n = 20) | 12 hours post onset and 7 and 30 days; immunofluorescence and flow cytometry of CD11a, b, and 18 | CD18 immunofluorescence increased after 12 hours | Normalised CD11a and b immunofluorescence by day 7; ischaemic stroke patients had higher peripheral leucocyte counts |
| Selectin | ||||
| Fassbender et al, 199571 | Ischaemic stroke (n = 22), controls with risk factors (RF, n = 40) and without RF (n = 22) | Ischaemic stroke:<4 hours post clinical onset and serial measurements to day 5; soluble ELAM-1, L-selectin and ICAM-1 in serum | In ischaemic stroke v RF: high levels of s-ELAM-1 until day 1; sL-selectin not raised over controls | RF v no RF controls: high sICAM-1 but not sVCAM-1 or sELAM-1 |
| Shyu et al, 199772 | Ischaemic stroke +/− carotid stenosis (n = 51)v controls | <24 hours post clinical onset; serum ELISA for E-selectin; single measurement | No increase in E-selectin in acute stroke | ICAM-1 levels increased in ischaemic stroke; presence of stenosis did not influence levels of either molecule |
| Stanimirovic 199773 | In vitro ischaemia and cytokine stimulation of human endothelium in culture | Exposure to IL-1β/TNFα or 4–24 hours ischaemia; ELISA/immunohistochemistry for ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin | ICAM-1, E-selectin and VCAM-1 all upgraded | Indomethacin and actinomycin D reduced adhesion molecule expression |
| Bitsch 199874 | Ischaemic stroke and TIA (n = 38) | 0–14 days post clinical onset; serum ELISA assays of adhesion molecules | Expression of E-selectin raised in ischaemic stroke v TIA, peak at 5 days; sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 raised and peak at 24 hours and 5 days, respectively | Control group not defined; levels do not correlate with infarct volume or disability |
| VCAM | ||||
| Kaluza et al, 199475 | Ischaemic stroke (n = 3) | 9–10 days post clinical onset; postmortem immunostain with monoclonal antibody | VCAM-1 +ve astrocytes staining within infarct | No staining outside ischaemic area |