Table 4

Management strategies in autonomic diseases that affect multiple systems

▸SpecificFor orthostatic hypotension, and bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction
 –non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapy 
 For respiratory abnormalities: consider tracheotomy 
 For oropharyngeal dysphagia: consider PEG 

▸GeneralFor depression
▸EducationOf patients and partners, relatives, carers, medical practitioners, supportive therapists, to include physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists and dietitians
▸Autonomic nurse specialists and autonomic liaison nursesTo coordinate and streamline care between hospital and home
▸Patient support groupsTo disseminate information and increase awareness
  • –Autonomic Disorders Association, Sarah Matheson Trust in UK

  • –National Dysautonomia Research Foundation, USA

  • –Shy-Drager Association, USA

  • –Syncope and Reflex Anoxic Seizures (STARS) Trust, UK