Table 2

Scores of lower order traits in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), patients with epilepsy, and healthy controls

Higher order dimension	Lower order trait	PNES (n = 85)	Healthy controls (n = 100)	Epilepsy controls (n = 64)	PNES v healthy controls	PNES v epilepsy controls
Values are mean (SD).
Emotional dysregulation	Anxiousness	3.0 (0.8)	3.0 (0.6)	2.5 (0.8)	NS	p<0.001
	Identity problems	2.6 (0.8)	2.1 (0.5)	2.3 (0.7)	p<0.001	p = 0.004
	Social avoidance	2.6 (0.8)	2.0 (0.4)	2.5 (0.7)	p<0.001	NS
	Affective lability	3.0 (0.7)	2.5 (0.6)	2.6 (0.7)	p<0.001	p<0.001
	Cognitive distortion	2.6 (0.8)	1.9 (0.5)	2.2 (0.8)	p<0.001	p<0.001
	Oppositionality	2.5 (0.6)	2.4 (0.6)	2.3 (0.6)	NS	NS
	Submissiveness	2.8 (0.7)	2.5 (0.5)	2.5 (0.6)	NS	NS
	Insecure attachment	3.1 (0.9)	2.4 (0.5)	2.7 (0.8)	p<0.001	p = 0.005
	Self harm	2.0 (1.1)	2.1 (0.5)	1.4 (0.6)	NS	p<0.001
	Suspiciousness	2.6 (0.7)	2.6 (0.6)	2.4 (0.7)	NS	NS
	Narcissism	2.5 (0.8)	2.4 (0.4)	2.4 (0.7)	NS	NS
Dissocial behaviour	Stimulus seeking	2.7 (0.5)	2.5 (0.6)	2.5 (0.6)	NS	NS
	Conduct problems	1.6 (0.4)	2.3 (0.7)	1.7 (0.5)	p<0.001	NS
	Rejection	2.5 (0.5)	1.5 (0.4)	2.6 (0.5)	p<0.001	NS
	Callousness	2.1 (0.4)	2.1 (0.5)	2.2 (0.5)	NS	NS
Inhibitedness	Intimacy problems	2.5 (0.7)	2.4 (0.5)	2.3 (0.6)	NS	NS
	Restricted expression	2.9 (0.6)	2.5 (0.6)	2.7 (0.6)	p<0.001	NS
Compulsivity		3.4 (0.6)	1.2 (0.4)	3.3 (0.6)	p<0.001	NS