Table 1

Case reports of eating disorders associated with brain lesions

Case number	Author	Year	Syndrome	Sex	Age	Onset	Causal	Lesion type	Lesion location	Method of lesion localisation	Weight	Vomiting	Psychopathology	Neurological symptoms
Causal – evidence suggestive of causal association. AN, anorexia nervosa; A, atypical anorexia; BN, bulimia nervosa; B, atypical bulimia; CT, computed tomography; EEG, electroencephalogram; F, female; M, male; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; N, no; PEG, pneumoencephalography; SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography; Y, yes.
1	Wright²³	1990	AN	F	12	10	Y	Germinoma	Hypothalamus, third ventricle	CT, surgery	Loss	Y	Body image, purging	Headaches, hypothyroidism
2	Hollatz¹⁵	1976	AN	F	19	14	N	Pinealoma	Hypothalamus, third ventricle	Post mortem	Loss	Y	Body image, food preoccupations, purging	Hypersomnia
3	Climo⁹	1982	AN	F	23		N	Craniopharyngioma	Hypothalamus, third ventricle	Surgery	Loss	N	Body image, binging, purging, obsessions	Diabetes insipidus
4	DeVile¹²	1995	A	M	8	8	Y	Craniopharyngioma	Hypothalamus, third ventricle	MRI, surgery	Loss	N		Headache, growth hormone deficiency
5	DeVile¹²	1995	A	M	13	13	Y	Pinealoma	Hypothalamus, third ventricle	MRI, biopsy	Loss	Y		Visual impairment, diabetes insipidus
6	White²¹	1977	A	M	15	15	Y	Glioma	Hypothalamus, third ventricle	Surgery	Loss	Y	Lack of concern	Diabetes insipidus
7	Nicholson¹⁸	1957	A	F	9	7	N	Pinealoma	Hypothalamus, third ventricle	Post mortem	Loss	N		Visual impairment, diabetes insipidus, hyperthermia
8	Chipkevitch⁸	1993	A	F	10	10	N	Teratoma	Hypothalamus, third ventricle	Post mortem	Loss	Y	Lack of concern, compulsive counting, hyperactivity	Somnolence, diabetes insipidus
9	White²²	1959	A	F	62	59	N	Postencephalopathic atrophy	Hypothalamus	Post mortem	Loss	Y	Alcoholism	Headaches
10	Lewis¹⁶	1963	A	F	16	15	N	Pinealoma	Hypothalamus, third ventricle, midbrain	Post mortem	Loss	N		Diabetes insipidus, visual impairment
11	Lewin²⁴	1972	A	F	25	25	N	Glioma	Hypothalamus	Post mortem	Loss	N		Hirsutism
12	Daly¹⁰	1973	A	F	22	21	N	Pinealoma	Hypothalamus	Post mortem	Loss	Y		Epilepsy, diabetes insipidus
13	Heron¹⁴	1976	A	M	25	24	N	Pinealoma	Hypothalamus, third ventricle	PEG, biopsy	Loss	N		Diabetes insipidus, almost blind
14	Biebl⁷	1984	A	M	15	13	N	Pinealoma	Hypothalamus, third abd lateral ventricles	CT	Loss	Y		Diabetes insipidus, visual impairment, incontinence
15	Lin¹⁷	2003	A	M	19	19	N	Germinoma	Hypothalamus, ventricles	MRI	Loss	Y	Lack of concern	Diabetes insipidus, hipopituitarism
16	Haugh¹³	1983	B	F	26	24	Y	Astroglioma	Hypothalamus	Post mortem	Gain	N	Aggressive behaviour, hallucinations	Sleep disturbance
17	Skorzewska²⁰	1989	B	M	11	11	Y	Craniopharyngioma	Hypothalamus, third ventricle	Surgery	Gain	N	Binge eating, aggressive behaviour, emotional lability	Visual impairment, headaches, hipopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, hyperinsulinaemia
18	Skorzewska²⁰	1989	B	F	12	12	Y	Craniopharyngioma	Hypothalamus, third ventricle	Surgery	Gain	N	Eating rituals, binge eating, aggressive behaviour, emotional lability	Visual impairment, headaches, hipopituitarism, hyperinsulinaemia
19	Skorzewska²⁰	1989	B	F	8	8	Y	Craniopharyngioma	Hypothalamus, third ventricle	Surgery	Gain, Loss	Y	Binge eating, aggressive behaviour, stealing	Headaches, diabetes insipidus, hyperinsulinaemia
20	DePedro¹¹	2001	B	F	18	15	Y	Craniopharyngioma	Hypothalamus, third ventricle	Surgery	Gain	N	Binge eating, emotional lability	Diabetes insipidus, visual impairment, hipopituitarism
21	DePedro¹¹	2001	B	F	47	43	Y	Craniopharyngioma	Hypothalamus, third ventricle, posterior fossa	Surgery	Gain	N	Binge eating
22	Reeves¹⁹	1969	B	F	20	19	N	Teratoma	Ventromedial hypothalamus	Post mortem	Gain	N	Hallucinations	Diabetes insipidus, dementia, confusion
23	Beal⁶	1981	B	M	57	55	N	Gangliocytoma	Hypothalamus, ventricles	Post mortem	Gain	N		Dementia, hypersomnia
24	Ahsanuddin²⁵	1983	AN	F	22	15	Y	Choroid plexus papilloma	Brain stem, fourth ventricle	CT, surgery	Loss	N	Body image, lack of concern	Impaired motor coordination, tremor
25	Lehrnbecher²⁷	2001	AN	F	13	12	Y	Glioma	Brain stem, medula, posterior fossa, foramen magnum	MRI	Loss	N	Body image	Hiccup, difficulty swallowing
26	Maroon²⁹	1977	A	M	14	9	Y	Astrocytoma	Brain stem, fourth ventricle	Surgery	Loss	Y		Tightness in the neck, dysdiadochokinesis
27	Liebner²⁸	1957	A	F	28	22	N	Hemangioblastoma	Brain stem, fourth ventricle, cerebellum	Post mortem	Loss	Y
28	DeVile¹²	1995	A	M	7	5	N	Astrocytoma	Brain stem	MRI	Loss	Y		Nystagmus, coughing, discomfort swallowing
29	Rohmer³⁰	1975	A	F	15	14	N	Medulloblastoma	Brain stem, fourth ventricle	Surgery	Loss	Y		Headaches, visual impairment
30	Grossmann²⁶	2002	A	F	11	11	N	Cavernoma	Medulla oblongata	MRI, surgery	Loss	Y
31	Ward³⁸	2000	AN	M	23	16	Y	Injury	Bilateral inferior frontal lobe	MRI	Loss	Y	Body image, food preoccupations, binge eating, purging, exercise, anxiety, lack of concern, substance abuse	Epilepsy
32	Levine³¹	2003	AN	F	36		Y	Injury	Right frontal and temporal lobe	MRI	Loss	N	Body image, depression	Epilepsy
33	Shedlack³⁴	1992	AN	M	23	21	Y	Injury	Right posterior temporal lobe	EEG, SPECT	Loss	N	Body image, eating rituals, mania, obsessions, depression, hyper-religiousness	Epilepsy
34	Signer³⁵	1990	AN	F	36		N	Injury	Right frontal and temporal lobe	CT, EEG	Loss	N	Body image, purging, aggression, hyper-religiousness, cognitive impairment	Epilepsy
35	Signer³⁵	1990	AN	F	25	17	N	Epileptogenic focus	Left frontal and temporal lobe	EEG	Loss	N	Body image, purging, exercise, hallucinations, ideas of reference, depression	Epilepsy
36	Trabert³⁶	1990	AN	F	32	16	N	Angioma	Left inferior temporal	CT, surgery	Loss	N	Body image, purging, alcohol abuse	Epilepsy
37	Trummer³⁷	2002	AN	F	23	19	N	Venous malformation	Right frontal lobe	CT, surgery, histology	Loss	N	Food preoccupations, anxiety, compulsive studying	Headache, loss of consciousness
38	Trummer³⁷	2002	A	M	24	21	Y	Oligoastrocytoma	Right frontal lobe	MRI	Loss	N	Hyperactivity, obsessions, compulsions	Epilepsy
39	Trummer³⁷	2002	A	M	36	35	Y	AV malformation	Right frontal lobe	MRI	Loss	Y	Anxiety, obsessions	Epilepsy
40	Ward³⁸	2000	A	F	42	25	N	Abscess	Right frontal lobe	Surgery	Loss	N	Personality change: dissocial, aggressive	Epilepsy
41	Levine³¹	2003	BN	F	29	20	Y	Epileptogenic focus	Right temporal and occipital lobe	MRI, surgery		N	Body image, food preoccupations, eating rituals, purging, depression	Epilepsy
42	Ott³³	1991	BN	F	33	28	Y	MRI detected lesion	Left medial temporal lobe	MRI		N	Binge eating, purging, substance abuse	Epilepsy
43	Angelini³²	1980	B	M	10	10	Y	Astrocytoma	Right anterior cingulate	CT, surgery		N	Binge eating, aggressive behaviour, disinhibition	Epilepsy
44	Hebebrand³⁹	1993	A	M	19	16	N	MRI detected lesion	Right putamen	MRI	Loss	N	Eating rituals and preoccupation, compulsive exercising
45	Ward³⁸	2000	B	F	55	50	N	Adenoma	Pituitary	Surgery, histology		N	Binge eating
46	Wolanczyk⁴⁰	1977	AN	M	14	12	N	Arachnoidal cyst	Frontal and parietal lobes	MRI	Loss	N	Eating rituals, body image, exercising
47	Weller⁴³	1982	AN	F	13	8	N	Hemangiopericytoma meta	Frontal lobes, hypothalamic, posterior fossa	CT	Loss	N	Eating rituals, body image, exercising
48	Ward³⁸	2000	AN	F	24	23	N	Glioma	Ventricles, basal ganglia, frontal lobes	Post mortem	Loss	N	Food preoccupations and body image
49	McClean⁴²	1988	A	M	14	13	Y	Ependymoma	Ventricles, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, frontal lobe	CT	Loss	Y		Epilepsy, diabetes insipidus
50	Goldney⁴¹	1978	A	F	28	24	N	Craniopharyngioma	Ventricles, midbrain, diencephalon	Post mortem	Loss	N		Visual impairment
51	Signer³⁵	1990	BN	F	28	11	Y	EEG abnormality	Diffuse	EEG		N	Binge eating, body image
52	Pauls⁴⁵	1991	A	M	28	26	N	Hydrocephalus	–	CT	Loss	Y	Binge eating	Sleep disturbance
53	Damluji⁴⁴	1987	A	M	15	11	Y	Hydrocephalus	–	CT	Loss	Y		Growth arrest, nausea, transitory loss of vision, fatigue, hipopituitarism
54	Krahn⁴⁶	1984	BN	F	29	25	Y	Hydrocephalus	–	CT	Gain	Y	Binge eating, purging, food preoccupation, body image	Headaches and scotomata