Characteristics of the sample
| Characteristic | Men (n = 250) | Women (n = 226) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Values are per cent prevalence or mean (SD). | |||
| *Note that a high score indicates less disability. | |||
| CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test14; MMSE mini mental state examination16; PHQ, Patient health Questionnaire17; TIA, transient ischaemic attack. | |||
| Sociodemographic factors | |||
| Age | 62.56 (1.44) | 62.54 (1.47) | 0.854 |
| Years of education | 14.50 (2.48) | 13.63 (2.66) | <0.001 |
| Married | 85.5% | 72.1% | <0.001 |
| Employed full time | 30.6% | 14.6% | <0.001 |
| White | 96.8% | 95.1% | 0.483 |
| Health | |||
| Physical disability (SF-12)* | 50.74 (7.82) | 48.95 (9.54) | 0.026 |
| History of heart disease | 14.1% | 8.4% | 0.060 |
| History of stroke or TIA | 4.0% | 4.4% | 1.000 |
| Diabetes | 2.3% | 0.5% | 0.217 |
| PHQ depression score | 2.04 (2.72) | 2.57 (3.10) | 0.049 |
| Hypertension | 61.7% | 46.5% | 0.005 |
| Smoker | 7.3% | 8.0% | 0.863 |
| Harmful/hazardous alcohol use | 6.5% | 4.9% | 0.553 |
| Cognitive functioning | |||
| MMSE | 29.26 (1.15) | 29.40 (1.06) | 0.165 |
| CVLT, immediate recall | 6.99 (1.95) | 7.92 (2.16) | <0.001 |
| CVLT, delayed recall | 6.10 (2.10) | 7.08 (2.34) | <0.001 |
| Symbol Digit Modalities Test | 50.98 (8.25) | 51.07 (9.00) | 0.905 |
| Digits Backwards | 5.26 (2.20) | 4.68 (2.02) | 0.003 |
| Spot the Word | 52.72 (6.04) | 51.89 (5.63) | 0.126 |
| Motor functioning | |||
| Purdue Pegboard: both hands | 10.25 (1.63) | 10.94 (1.58) | <0.001 |
| Purdue Pegboard: dominant hand | 12.92 (1.92) | 14.01 (1.92) | <0.001 |
| Purdue Pegboard: non-dominant hand | 12.61 (1.88) | 13.36 (1.80) | <0.001 |
| Simple reaction time (msec) | 241.6 (43.1) | 258.2 (57.6) | <0.001 |
| Choice reaction time (msec) | 313.8 (38.3) | 320.9 (49.2) | 0.086 |
| Grip strength (kg) | 42.76 (6.86) | 26.08 (5.46) | <0.001 |