• Genetic factors |
• Oxidative stress |
• Protein aggregation |
• Glutamatergic toxicity |
• Mitochondrial dysfunction |
• Impairment of axonal transport |
• Inflammatory cascades/contribution of non-neuronal cells |
• Dysfunctional signalling pathways, eg through VEGF, Nrf2 |
The above factors alone or in combination may lead to a programmed cell death mechanism similar to apoptosis |