| Participants | Diagnostic classification (n) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | |||
| All strokes† | Ischaemic strokes† | ||||
| Model 1‡ | Model 2‡ | Model 1‡ | Model 2‡ | ||
| Men (n = 1759) | CESD <16 (1686) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| CESD ⩾16 without depressive disorder (32)* | 2.45 (1.07–5.58) | 2.70 (1.15–6.33) | 3.61 (1.57–8.30) | 4.01 (1.68–9.57) | |
| CESD ⩾16 with depressive disorder (32)* | 1.75 (0.56–5.51) | 1.63 (0.51–5.26) | 2.52 (0.80–7.97) | 2.43 (0.74–7.92) | |
| Women (n = 2665) | CESD <16 (2414) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| CESD ⩾16 without depressive disorder (126)* | 1.27 (0.70–2.28) | 1.30 (0.72–2.35) | 1.44 (0.70–2.98) | 1.41 (0.68–2.92) | |
| CESD ⩾16 with depressive disorder (104)* | 0.69 (0.28–1.68) | 0.62 (0.25–1.54) | 0.24 (0.03–1.72) | 0.19 (0.03–1.41) | |
*Diagnostic workup missing in nine CESD positive men and 21 CESD positive women. Depressive disorders were major depression (13 men, 46 women), dysthymia (5 men, 16 women) and minor depression (14 men, 42 women). Participants with CESD ⩾16 without depressive disorder had the following diagnoses: subclinical depressive symptoms and no underlying psychiatric diagnosis (20 men, 103 women), anxiety disorder (6 men, 15 women), other axis 1 psychiatric diagnosis (6 men, 8 women).
†We observed 123 first ever strokes of any type in men and 167 in women. Of these, 90 were ischaemic in men and 99 in women.
‡Model 1: adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking (ever), cigarette smoking (current), intima–media thickness, history of myocardial infarction, history of PTCA or CABG, history of TIA, antithrombotic drug use, antihypertensive drug use, cholesterol lowering drug use, psycholeptic drug use and psychoanaleptic drug use.
CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CESD, Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; PTCA, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.