Characteristics of patients with and without psychogenic movement disorder*
| PMD | Without PMD | p Value | |
| Total No of patients (n (% females)) | 103 (61) | 610 (64) | 0.59 |
| Age at onset (years) (median (IQR)) | 37 (28–47) n=102 | 39 (31–54) n=469 | 0.03 |
| No of patients with CRPS (%) | 10 (10) | 250 (41) | <0.001 |
| Trauma (n (%)) | <0.001§ | ||
| Soft tissue injury | 45 (44) | 265 (43) | |
| Fracture | 5 (5) | 66 (11) | |
| Surgery | 14 (14) | 60 (10) | |
| Amputation | 1 (1) | 11 (2) | |
| Nerve entrapment | 1 (1) | 129 (21) | |
| Other | 37 (36) | 50 (8) | |
| Not described | 29 (5) | ||
| Time to onset (days) (median (IQR)) | 14 (7–61) | 21 (2–183) | 0.54 |
| Type of movement disorder (n (%)) | |||
| Dystonia | 67 (65) | 446 (73) | 0.09§ |
| Type of dystonia (% of dystonia cases) | |||
| Fixed | 60 (90) | 257 (58) | <0.001 |
| Mobile | 4 (6) | 98 (22) | |
| Both | 1 (1) | 55 (12) | |
| Unknown | 2 (3) | 36 (8) | |
| Tremor | 39 (38) | 137 (22) | <0.001 |
| Myoclonus | 6 (6) | 89 (15) | 0.015 |
| Spasms | 15 (15) | 64 (10) | 0.22 |
| PLMT/F | – | 42 (7) | <0.001 |
| Other (chorea, parkinsonism, tics) | 10 (10) | 16 (3) | <0.001 |
| Spread of movement disorder to other body regions (n (%)) | 33 (32) | 118 (19) | 0.004 |
| Location (n (%)) | <0.001§ | ||
| Face | – | 1 (0) | |
| Oromandibular/vocal cords | – | 44 (7) | |
| Neck/shoulder | 20 (19) | 156 (26) | |
| Trunk | – | 14 (2) | |
| Arm | 40 (39) | 122 (20) | |
| Leg | 34 (33) | 143 (23) | |
| Extremity not specified | – | 125 (21) | |
| Multiple sites | 9 (9) | 5 (1) | |
| PMD criteria† (n (%))‡ | |||
| Documented/clinically established | 61 (76) | – | |
| Probable/possible | 16 (20) | – | |
| Not fulfilled | 3 (4) | – | |
| Psychiatric diagnosis† (n (%))‡ | |||
| Conversion/somatisation disorder | 26 (35) | – | |
| Multiple diagnoses | 7 (9) | – | |
| Malingering | 2 (3) | – | |
| Other | 20 (27) | 10 (5) | |
| No psychiatric diagnosis established | 19 (26) | 54 (29) | |
| Clinical psychological features (eg, depression) | – | 19 (10) | |
| No clinical psychological features | – | 101 (59) | |
| Litigation/worker's compensation† (n (%))‡ | 39 (60) | 27 (20) | <0.001 |
| Nerve lesion† (n (%))‡ | 2 (50) | 180 (68) | <0.001 |
| Pain† (n (%))‡ | |||
| Present | 50 (98) | 493 (95) | <0.001 |
n, number of patients on which this information was available; (%) refers to whole group unless otherwise specified.
↵* Differences between groups should be interpreted with caution: if variables were not described it was assumed that these variables were not present. This could lead to distortion of the p values, especially in features reported in less than 50% of the cases (indicated by †).
↵‡ Percentage calculated for the number of patients on which the information was available.
↵§ p values indicate omnibus tests; p values without a symbol are comparisons of one variable.
CRPS, complex regional pain syndrome; PLMT/F, painful limbs and moving toes or fingers; PMD, psychogenic movement disorder.