Neuropsychological assessment in DDS and matched PD control subjects
| Mean (SD) scores | Dichotomous values (% pathological) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test | DDS | Controls | p Values | DDS | Controls | p Values |
| MMSE | 28.1 (1.8) | 28.6 (1.2) | 0.085 | 8 | 0 | 0.079 |
| FAB | 13.6 (3.2) | 14.8 (2.6) | 0.092 | 41 | 25 | 0.261 |
| CPM_Raven | 28.6 (4.5) | 28.8 (4.7) | 0.877 | 5 | 4 | 0.991 |
| Phonological fluency | 32.3 (11.7) | 30.1 (10.9) | 0.455 | 0 | 8 | 0.303 |
| Semantic fluency | 38.1 (10.1) | 38.0 (8.2) | 0.991 | 11 | 4 | 0.193 |
| RAVLT learning | 36.1 (9.9) | 39.8 (9.9) | 0.180 | 21 | 16 | 0.721 |
| RAVLT recall | 7.8 (2.8) | 8.5 (3.2) | 0.366 | 16 | 9 | 0.422 |
| Denomination | 17.7 (2.1) | 18.2 (1.9) | 0.420 | 7 | 2 | 0.441 |
| Digit span | 5.4 (1.1) | 5.5 (1.0) | 0.847 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
| Digit back | 3.6 (1.0) | 4.1 (1.2) | 0.091 | NA | NA | NA |
| Corsi block tapping test | 4.1 (1.1) | 4.4 (1.1) | 0.329 | 21 | 14 | 0.479 |
| Attentive matrices | 39.1 (11.2) | 46.8 (10.9) | 0.032 | 22 | 4 | 0.021 |
| GDS-30 | 14.2 (5.9) | 10.2 (6.6) | 0.045 | 61 | 27 | 0.044 |
| NPI total | 38.2 (23.2) | 24.4 (17.9) | 0.008 | NA | NA | NA |
| NPI 1/12: delusions | 3.0 (5.1) | 0.7 (2.1) | 0.046 | – | – | – |
| NPI 2/12: hallucinations | 0.67 (2.0) | 0.78 (2.7) | 0.906 | – | – | – |
| NPI 3/12: agitation/aggressivity | 5.0 (2.4) | 1.9 (3.5) | 0.018 | – | – | – |
| NPI 4/12: depression | 4.1 (3.9) | 2.2 (2.1) | 0.046 | – | – | – |
| NPI 5/12: anxiety | 7.0 (3.8) | 5.7 (3.6) | 0.332 | – | – | – |
| NPI 6/12: euphoria | 2.0 (3.2) | 0.84 (2.5) | 0.262 | – | – | – |
| NPI 7/12: apathy | 3.3 (4.9) | 2.7 (4.3) | 0.736 | – | – | – |
| NPI 8/12: disinhibition | 3.0 (2.7) | 0.53 (1.9) | 0.003 | – | – | – |
| NPI 9/12: irritability | 6.3 (3.9) | 3.5 (3.3) | 0.033 | – | – | – |
| NPI 10/12: aberrant motor behaviour | 2.4 (4.2) | 0.87 (2.3) | 0.152 | – | – | – |
| NPI 11/12: sleep disorders | 5.3 (4.4) | 4.6 (4.5) | 0.694 | – | – | – |
| NPI 12/12: eating disorders | 3.3 (4.5) | 2.2 (3.5) | 0.447 | – | – | – |
Significant p values (<0.05) are highlighted in bold. All testing scores (with the exception of digit back, GDS, attentive matrices) are corrected for age and education. Cut-off values are not available for digit back and NPI.
CPM_Raven Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices; DDS, dopamine dysregulation syndrome; FAB, Frontal Assessment Battery; GDS-30, 30 points Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; NA, not applicable; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test.