Table 4

CSF biomarkers for oxidative stress, inflammation and energy failure in parkinsonian disorders

Research groups	Participants	Analyte	Method	Main findings
Herbert et al73	PD n=43, MSA n=23, controls n=30	DJ-1	ELISA	Increase in MSA>PD Significant difference in MSA vs PD, MSA vs controls and PD vs controls
Constantinescu et al78	PD n=6, MSA n=13, PSP n=18, CBD n=6, HC n=18	Urate	Enzymatic method on a modular system	No difference
Wennstrom et al47	PD n=38, PDD n=22, DLB n=33, AD n=46, HC n=52	Neurosin	ELISA	Lowest levels in DLB, but no difference between synucleinopathies When pooled, synucleinopathies decrease levels vs AD+HC
Goldstein et al82	PD n=34, MSA n=54, PAF n=20, HC n=38	Dihydroxyphenylatic acid (DOPAC)	Batch alumina extraction followed by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection	Decrease in PD, MSA and to a lesser degree PAF vs HC No difference between synucleinopathy groups
Salvesen et al72	PD n=30, DLB n=17, MSA n=14, PSP n=19	DJ-1	ELISA	No difference among groups
Maetzler et al77	PD n=55, PDD n=20, DLB n=20, controls n=76	Uric acid	ADVIA analyser+photometric methods	Increase in PD vs DLB
Shi et al22	Discovery cohort: PD n=126, MSA n=32 AD n=50, controls n=137 Validation cohort: PD n=83	DJ-1 Fractalkine	Bead-based multi-analyte assay (Luminex)	DJ1: decrease in MSA+PD vs controls+AD Fractalkine: decrease in MSA vs PD, AD+controls
LeWitt et al81	PD n=217 (samples collected ×2 occasions) HC n=26	Homovallinic acid/xanthine ratio	Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry	Increased ratio in PD vs HC Ratio increased further in PD specimens collected up to 2 years later
Wang et al79	PD n=86, MSA n=20, AD n=38 HC n=91	Complement C3/factor H (FH)	Bead-based multi-analyte assay (Luminex)	C3: decrease in MSA vs PD+HC; increase in AD vs all other groups FH: increase in AD vs PD+HC C3/FH ratio: decrease in MSA vs all other groups
Maetzler et al80	PD n=38, PDD n=20, DLB n=21 m, controls n=23	Neprilysin	Fluorometric assay	Decrease in DLB+PDD vs PD+ controls
Hong et al52	PD n=117, AD n=50, HC n=132	DJ-1	Bead-based multi-analyte assay (Luminex)	Decreased levels in PD vs Controls and AD No difference between AD+ controls

AD, Alzheimer's disease; CBD, corticobasal degeneration; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; DLB, dementia with Lewy bodies; HC, healthy controls; MSA, multiple system atrophy; PAF, pure autonomic failure; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDD, Parkinson's disease dementia; PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy.