Infections |
Typhoid fever |
Neurocysticercosis |
Prion disease |
Viral encephalitis |
Subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis |
Neurosyphilis |
Autoimmune and inflammatory |
Systemic lupus erythymatosis or antiphospholipid syndrome* |
Anti-NMDAR encephalitis* |
Paraneoplastic encephalitis |
Multiple sclerosis |
Cardiovascular |
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy |
Renal |
Renal failure in dementia with Lewy body disease |
Metabolic |
Wilson's disease |
Hyponatraemia or hypernatraemia |
Glucose-6phosphate deficiency |
Neurodegenerative disorders |
Westphal variant of Huntington's disease |
Parkinson's disease |
Familial frontotemporal dementia |
CNS |
Posterior reversible encephalopathy |
Subdural hematoma |
Pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis |
Stroke |
Hematology |
Pernicious anemia |
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura |
Psychiatric |
Autism* |
Alcohol withdrawal |
Medications |
Venlafaxine-associated hyponatraemia |
Pegylated interferon-α 2b and ribavirin for hepatitis C |
Lorazepam withdrawal |
Paliperidone palmitate |
Dexamethasone |
Zolpidem withdrawal |
Temazepam withdrawal |
Quinolones |
Clozapine withdrawal* |
Manganese neurotoxicity |
Clonazepam/benzodiazepine withdrawal |
Ziprasidone |
Lithium toxicity |
Tramadol and meperidine |
Azithromycin |
Levetiracetam |
Efavirenz |
Surgical causes |
Liver or kidney transplantation* |
Renal transplant |
Temporal lobectomy |
Deep brain stimulation surgery |
Burns |
Trauma |
Other causes |
Cyber bulling |
Deprivation, abuse or trauma in pediatric population |
Pregnancy or postpartum |
Down syndrome |
Wasp sting |
*Most frequently reported causes of catatonia.
Anti-NMDAR, anti-N-Methyl-d-aspartate; CNS, central nervous system.