Characteristics of MS cases and controls, by the amount of daily coffee consumption at the index year, and of non-responders with regard to the complementary questions
| EIMS | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-responders | Total | No coffee consumption | 1–2 Cups of coffee daily | 3–4 Cups of coffee daily | 5–6 Cups of coffee daily | More than 6 cups of coffee daily | ||||||||
| Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | |
| Women (n, %) | 445 (68) | 1342 (69) | 1192 (74) | 2048 (73) | 282 (81) | 456 (79) | 393 (76) | 678 (78) | 353 (74) | 632 (70) | 119 (61) | 210 (66) | 42 (57) | 72 (56) |
| Men (n, %) | 206 (32) | 589 (31) | 428 (26) | 740 (27) | 66 (19) | 121 (21) | 127 (24) | 189 (22) | 126 (26) | 265 (30) | 77 (39) | 109 (34) | 32 (43) | 56 (44) |
| Swedish (n, %) | 495 (77) | 1360 (71) | 1294 (80) | 2192 (79) | 277 (80) | 432 (75) | 408 (78) | 660 (76) | 385 (81) | 722 (81) | 162 (83) | 268 (85) | 62 (84) | 110 (86) |
| Smoking (n, %) | 363 (56) | 847 (44) | 845 (52) | 1251 (45) | 114 (33) | 143 (25) | 255 (49) | 358 (41) | 284 (59) | 467 (52) | 134 (68) | 197 (62) | 58 (78) | 86 (67) |
| Passive smoking (n, %) | 270 (41) | 740 (39) | 731 (45) | 1149 (41) | 126 (36) | 181 (31) | 214 (41) | 344 (40) | 228 (48) | 412 (46) | 116 (59) | 140 (44) | 47 (64) | 72 (56) |
| Adolescent BMI (kg/m2, SD) | 22.9 (4.0) | 22.1 (3.5) | 22.4 (3.7) | 21.7 (3.2) | 22.6 (4.3) | 21.9 (3.9) | 22.2 (3.6) | 21.5 (3.3) | 22.4 (3.4) | 21.7 (2.9) | 22.8 (3.6) | 21.9 (2.6) | 23.4 (3.8) | 22.6 (3.6) |
| UVR exposure (SD) | 6.1 (1.9) | 6.5 (2.0) | 6.2 (1.8) | 6.6 (1.9) | 6.2 (1.9) | 6.6 (2.1) | 6.4 (1.8) | 6.7 (1.9) | 6.3 (1.8) | 6.6 (1.9) | 6.0 (1.9) | 6.5 (1.8) | 5.6 (2.0) | 6.0 (1.9) |
| Age at disease onset (SD) | 33.4 (10.4) | 35.4 (10.8) | ||||||||||||
| Age at inclusion in study (SD) | 37.3 (10.6) | 37.4 (10.8) | 39.8 (11.5) | 40.5 (11.5) | ||||||||||
| Age at complementary questions (SD) | 43.8 (11.7) | 44.3 (11.7) | ||||||||||||
| Total | 1620 | 2788 | 348 | 577 | 523 | 867 | 479 | 897 | 196 | 319 | 74 | 128 | ||
| KPNC | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | No coffee consumption | <4 Cups of coffee daily | ≥4 Cups of coffee daily | |||||
| Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | |
| Women (n, %) | 944 (81) | 955 (81) | 441 (86) | 426 (85) | 361 (79) | 375 (82) | 142 (74) | 154 (73) |
| Men (n, %) | 215 (19) | 217 (19) | 70 (14) | 78 (15) | 96 (21) | 81 (18) | 49 (26) | 58 (27) |
| Smoking (n, %) | 521 (45) | 416 (35) | 169 (33) | 91 (18) | 231 (51) | 193 (42) | 121 (63) | 132 (62) |
| Passive smoking (n, %) | 522 (45) | 500 (43) | 215 (42) | 162 (32) | 208 (46) | 221 (48) | 99 (52) | 117 (55) |
| Adolescent BMI (kg/m2, SD) | 23.0 (4.4) | 22.3 (3.7) | 23.0 (4.7) | 22.5 (3.9) | 22.9 (4.0) | 21.7 (3.0) | 23.3 (4.2) | 22.7 (4.4) |
| Sun exposure (n, %) | 133 (11.5) | 121 (10.3) | 46 (9) | 48 (10) | 61 (14) | 48 (11) | 26 (14) | 25 (12) |
| Age at disease onset | 31.1 (9.8) | – | ||||||
| Age at inclusion in study | 50.8 (8.2) | 49.8 (8.7) | ||||||
| Total | 1159 | 1172 | 511 | 504 | 457 | 456 | 191 | 212 |
BMI, body mass index; EIMS, Epidemiological Investigation of Multiple Sclerosis; KPNC, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Plan, Northern California Region; MS, multiple sclerosis; UVR, ultraviolet rays.