Clinical correlates in 2611 recent-onset Parkinson's disease cases according to the presence of future cardiovascular risk and existing cardiovascular disease
| Variable | QRISK2 <10% n=590 (22.6%) | QRISK2 ≥10% and <20% n=760 (29.1%) | QRISK2 ≥20% n=886 (33.9%) | Vascular disease n=375 (14.4%) | Unadjusted p value | Adjusted p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 55.9 (7.0) | 65.9 (4.5) | 74.2 (5.3) | 72.4 (7.6) | <0.001 | <0.001* |
| Male sex | 233 (39.5%) | 482 (63.4%) | 698 (78.8%) | 284 (75.7%) | <0.001 | <0.001† |
| Disease duration | 1.3 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.9) | 1.4 (0.9) | 0.05 | 0.78‡ |
| UPDRS 3 | 20.3 (10.7) | 22.2 (10.9) | 25.9 (12.1) | 26.8 (12.3) | <0.001 | <0.001§ |
| Motor subtype | ||||||
| TD | 299 (54.6%) | 363 (51.0%) | 397 (48.2%) | 137 (40.1%) | ||
| PIGD | 177 (32.3%) | 248 (34.8%) | 330 (40.0%) | 164 (48.0%) | <0.001 | 0.021§ |
| Indeterminate | 72 (13.1%) | 101(14.2%) | 97 (11.8%) | 41 (12.0%) | 0.60 | 0.069§ |
| MoCA | ||||||
| Total score | 26.6 (2.7) | 25.6 (3.2) | 24.2 (3.6) | 24.1 (3.5) | <0.001 | <0.001§ |
| Normal | 486 (88.0%) | 569 (79.7%) | 511 (61.6%) | 216 (60.3%) | <0.001 | 0.008§ |
| MCI | 38 (6.9%) | 77 (10.8%) | 147 (17.7%) | 64 (17.9%) | ||
| Dementia | 28 (5.1%) | 68 (9.5%) | 172 (20.7%) | 78 (21.8%) | ||
| LEDD | 273 (215) | 287 (222) | 291 (190) | 314 (202) | 0.004 | 0.069§ |
| Smoking | <0.001 | <0.001§ | ||||
| Non-smoker | 413 (76.3%) | 415 (58.9%) | 411 (50.4%) | 158 (47.7%) | ||
| Ex-smoker | 108 (20.0%) | 265 (37.6%) | 375 (46.0%) | 160 (48.3%) | ||
| Current smoker | 20 (3.7%) | 25 (3.5%) | 30 (3.7%) | 13 (3.9%) | ||
Data are mean (SD) or number (percentage) unless otherwise stated.
*Adjusted for disease duration and sex.
†Adjusted for age and disease duration.
‡Adjusted for age and sex.
§Adjusted for age, sex, disease duration and coffee intake.
LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MoCA, Montreal cognitive assessment; PIGD, postural instability gait difficulty; TD, tremor dominant; UPDRS 3, Movement Disorder Society unified Parkinson's disease rating scale part 3.