Abstract
The treatment of severe tetanus with autonomic dysfunction is discussed, with emphasis on the use of magnesium sulphate. An exemplary case is reported, describing the inadequate response to magnesium, but the previously unreported and successful use of clonidine to control sympathetic overactivity. The properties of clonidine are reviewed. Clonidine is felt to be a logical and appropriate drug for the treatment of autonomic dysfunction in severe tetanus.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams EB (1987) Tetanus. In: Weatherall DJ, Ledingham JGG, Warrell DA (eds) Oxford textbook of medicine, vol 2, 2nd edn. Oxford Medical Publications, Oxford, pp 265–270
Wright DK, Lalloo UG, Nayiager S, Govender P (1989) Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in severe tetanus; current perspectives. Crit Care Med 17:371–375
Kerr JH, Corbett JL, Prys-Roberts C, Crampton-Smith A, Spalding JMK (1968) Involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in tetanus. Lancet II:236–241
Keilty SR, Gray RC, Dundee JW, McCulloch H (1968) Catecholamine levels in severe tetanus. Lancet II:195
James MFM, Manson EDM (1985) The use of magnesium sulphate infusions in the management of very severe tetanus. Intensive Care Med 11:5–12
Trujillo MH, Castillo A, Espana J, Manzo A, Zerpa R (1987) Impact of intensive care management on the prognosis of tetanus. Analysis of 641 cases. Chest 92:63–65
Prys-Roberts C, Corbett JL, Kerr JH, Crampton A, Spalding JMK (1969) Treatment of sympathetic overactivity in tetanus. Lancet I:542–545
Alfery D, Rauscher A (1979) Tetanus: a review. Crit Care Med 7:176–181
Goldman M, Slovak J, Burns JR, Albertini RE (1979) Treatment of tetanus. JAMA 242:2761
Kanarek DJ, Kaufman B, Zwi S (1973) Severe sympathetic hyperactivity associated with tetanus. Arch Intern Med 132:602–604
Furste W (1980) Editorial. J Trauma 20:101–105
Cole LB, Youngman HR (1969) Treatment of tetanus. Lancet I:1017–1020
Dundee JW, Morrow WFK (1979) Labetolol in severe tetanus. Br Med J 1:1121–1122
Wesley AG, Hariparsad D, Pather M, Rocke DA (1983) Labetolol in tetanus. The treatment of sympathetic nervous system overactivity. Anaesthesia 38:243–249
Buchanan N, Smit L, Cane RD, Andrade M de (1978) Sympathetic overactivity in tetanus: fatality associated with propranolol. Br Med J 2:254–255
Kerr J (1979) Current topics in tetanus. Intensive Care Med 5:105–110
Lipman J, James MFM, Erskine J, Plit ML, Eidelman J, Esser JD (1987) Autonomic dysfunction in severe tetanus: magnesium sulfate as an adjunct to deep sedation. Crit Care Med 15:987–988
Causon RC, Carruthers ME, Rodnight R (1981) Assay of plasma catecholamines by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Anal Biochem 116:223–226
Woolmer R, Cates JE (1952) Succinylcholine in the treatment of tetanus. Lancet II:808–809
Shackleton P (1954) The treatment of tetanus. Role of the anaesthetist. Lancet II:155–158
Bjornboe M, Ibsen B, Johnson S (1954) Tetanus. A case treated with artificial respiration during 17 days. Dan Med Bull 1:129–131
Tseuda K, Oliver PB, Richter RW (1974) Cardiovascular manifestations of tetanus. Anesthesiology 40:588–591
Edmondson RS, Flowers MW (1979) Intensive care in tetanus; management, complications and mortality in 100 cases. Br Med J 1:1401–1404
Steptoe P, Fogh B (1986) Autonomt hyperaktivitetssyndrom ved tetanus. (The autonomic hyperactivity syndrom in tetanus) (in Danish) Ugeskr Laeger 148:2905–2907
Hollow VM, Clarke GM (1975) Autonomic manifestations of tetanus. Anaesth Intensive Care 3:142–147
Corbett JL, Kerr JH, Prys-Roberts C, Crampton-Smith A, Spalding JMK (1969) Cardiovascular disturbances in severe tetanus due to overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. Anaesthesia 24:198–212
Toothill C, Dykes JRW, Ablett JJL (1970) Urinary catecholamine metabolite concentrations in tetanus. Br J Anaesth 42:524–530
Benedict CR, Kerr JH (1977) Assessment of sympathetic overactivity in tetanus. Br Med J 2:806
Rocke DA, Wesley AG, Pather M, Calver AD, Hariparsad D (1986) Morphine in tetanus—the management of sympathetic nervous system overactivity. S Afr Med J 70:666–668
Southorn PA, Blaise GA (1986) Treatment of tetanus-induced autonomic nervous system dysfunction with continuous epidural blockade. Crit Care Med 14:251–252
Jenkins M, Luhn N (1962) Active management of tetanus. Anesthesiology 23:690–709
Rie MA, Wilson RS (1978) Morphine therapy controls autonomic hyperactivity in tetanus. Ann Intern Med 88:653–654
Buchanan N, Cane RD, Wolfson G, De Andrade (1979) Autonomic dysfunction in tetanus: the effects of a variety of therapeutic agents, with special reference to morphine. Intensive Care Med 5:65–68
Dasta JF, Brier KL, Kidwell GA, Schonfeld SA, Couri D (1981) Diazepam infusion in tetanus: correlation of drug levels with effect. South Med J 74:278–280
Tekur U, Gupta A, Tayal G, Agrawal KK (1983) Blood concentrations of diazepam and its metabolites in children and neonates with tetanus. J Pediatr 102:145–147
Moir DD (1980) Obstetric anaesthesia and analgesia, 2nd edn. Bailliere Tindall, London
Mudge GH (1980) Agents affecting volume and composition of body fluids. In: Goodman Gilman A, Goodman, LS, Gilman A (eds) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 6th edn. MacMillan, New York, pp 879–883
Moore RM, Wingo WJ (1942) Blood level of magnesium ion in relation to lethal, anesthetic, analgesic and antitetanic effects. Am J Physiol 135:492–495
Peck CH, Meltzer SJ (1916) Anesthesia in human beings by intravenous injection of magnesium sulphate. JAMA 67:1131–1133
Mordes JP, Wacker WEC (1978) Excess magnesium. Pharmacol Rev 29:273–301
Cavenagh D, Knuppel RA (1981) Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. In: Iffy L, Kaminitzky HA (eds) Principles and practice of obstetrics. Wiley, New York, pp 1271–1290
Rudd P, Blascke TK (1980) Anti-hypertensive agents and the drug therapy of hypertension. In: Goodman LS, Gilman A (eds) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 6th edn. MacMillan, New York, pp 797–799
Blake JA (1906) The use of magnesium sulphate in the production of anaesthesia and in the treatment of tetanus. Surg Gynecol Obstet 2:541–550
Brown AT, Campbell WAB (1978) Hazards of hypertonic magnesium enema therapy. Arch Dis Child 53:920
Garcia-Webb P, Bhagat C, Oh T, Hart G, Thompson W (1984) Hypermagnesaemia and hyperphosphataemia after ingestion of magnesium phosphate. Br Med J 288:759
James MFM, Huddle KRL, Owen AD, Veen BW van der (1988) Use of magnesium sulphate in the anaesthetic management of phaeochromocytoma in pregnancy. Can J Anaesth 35:178–182
Wiberg JJ, Turner GG, Nuttall FQ (1978) Effect of phosphate or magnesium cathartics on serum calcium. Arch Intern Med 138:1114–1116
Bloor BC (1988) Clonidine and other alpha2 adrenergic agonists: an important new drug class for the perioperative period. Semin Anesth 7:170–177
Laverty R (1973) An account of the pharmacology of some antihypertensive drugs. Br Med Bull 29:152–157
Metz SA, Halter JB, Porte D, Robertson RD (1978) Autonomic epilepsy: clonidine blockade of paroxysmal catecholamine release and flushing. Ann Intern Med 88:189–193
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sutton, D.N., Tremlett, M.R., Woodcock, T.E. et al. Management of autonomic dysfunction in severe tetanus: the use of magnesium sulphate and clonidine. Intensive Care Med 16, 75–80 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02575297
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02575297