Treatment of central nervous system toxoplasmosis with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine combination in 35 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Efficacy of long-term continuous therapy
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Biochemistry and metabolism of Toxoplasma gondii: Purine and pyrimidine acquisition in Toxoplasma gondii and other Apicomplexa
2020, Toxoplasma Gondii: The Model Apicomplexan - Perspectives and MethodsEfficacy of sulfadiazine and pyrimetamine for treatment of experimental toxoplasmosis with strains obtained from human cases of congenital disease in Brazil
2019, Experimental ParasitologyCitation Excerpt :The association of low doses of SDZ (10 mg/kg) and PYR (3.13 mg/kg) presented good efficacy for treatment of experimental toxoplasmosis caused by the seven atypical strains isolated in Brazil. These doses showed low efficiency when administered alone but significantly increased the survival indices when combined, probably due to the synergistic effect cited by other authors (Thiermann et al., 1978; Leport et al., 1988, Martins-Duarte et al., 2013). These findings suggest that the treatment of toxoplasmosis caused by atypical strains of T. gondii predominant in Brazil can be efficiently performed with the combined use of PYR and SDZ.
Drug repurposing and human parasitic protozoan diseases
2014, International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug ResistanceCitation Excerpt :It is also limited by its relatively high cost (Sundar and Chakravarty, 2013), teratogenicity and growing concerns in relation to increases in clinical isolate susceptibility (Prajapati et al., 2012). As a first choice, eye disease or lymphadenitis resulting from Toxoplasma infection can be treated with the antimalarial drug pyrimethamine (Table 2) combined with the antibacterial agent sulfadiazine (Table 1) (British Medical Journal, 1942; Coloviras et al., 1942; Leport et al., 1988; Guerina et al., 1994; Rorman et al., 2006) and folinic acid (Montoya and Liesenfeld, 2004). For patients who cannot tolerate sulfa drugs, sulfadiazine can be replaced with clindamycin (Table 1) or azithromycin, both of which were first used as antibacterial agents (Christian and Krueger, 1975; Montoya and Liesenfeld, 2004).
Evaluation of kynurenine pathway metabolism in Toxoplasma gondii-infected mice: Implications for schizophrenia
2014, Schizophrenia ResearchCitation Excerpt :In line with previous studies (Hermes et al., 2008; Wilson and Hunter, 2004), mice showed pronounced increases in the numbers of both astrocytes and microglia during this phase of T. gondii infection (Fig. 4). In a separate group of animals, we evaluated the effect of pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine, a drug combination frequently used to treat toxoplasmosis (Antinori et al., 1992; Fung and Kirschenbaum, 1996; Leport et al., 1988), on the brain of infected mice. To this end, one group of T. gondii-infected mice received a 4 week-drug treatment beginning at 28 days post-infection (i.e. at a timepoint that showed very high cerebral KP metabolite levels and glial activation).