SeminarSchizophrenia
Section snippets
Diagnosis of schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a complex medical disorder with diverse clinical presentations. Several cognitive and emotional functions are impaired, such as perception (hallucinations), inferential thinking (delusions), motivation (avolition), and thought and speech (alogia). Criterion-based systems have been developed to decrease the complexity and improve the reliability of diagnosis. These systems include the International Classification of Diseases, tenth edition (ICD-10)3 and the Diagnostic and
Genetic research in schizophrenia
Risk of schizophrenia is higher among family members of patients than in the general population. Adoption studies have shown that this increased risk is genetic, with a tenfold increase in risk associated with the presence of an affected first-degree family member. This genetic risk increases with each affected family member, to nearly 50% when both parents are affected.7 Inheritance of schizophrenia has largely been studied through mathematical modelling of pedigrees and twin and adoption
Neuroimaging of neural substrates
The neural substrates of schizophrenia have been intensively studied by traditional neuropathology techniques and neuroimaging. Postmortem studies of patients with schizophrenia have shown no increase in degenerative pathology such as that known to occur in Alzheimer's disease.14 The consistent absence of degenerative pathology (eg, gliosis) suggests that schizophrenia may result from pathological neurodevelopmental processes.
The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has permitted
Medication
Antipsychotic medications have for more than 45 years substantially lessened the morbidity associated with schizophrenia. Despite being the mainstay of treatment, standard antipsychotic medications have been associated with inadequate efficacy and substantial side-effects. Traditionally, antipsychotic medications were shown to be effective because of their ability to antagonise dopamine receptors. Non-selectivity of this antagonism led, however, to undesirable effects, such as extrapyramidal
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2021, Behaviour Research and TherapyCitation Excerpt :Patients with schizophrenia present with disorganized speech, which presents as speech being tangential or having loose associations (Covington et al., 2005; Roche, Creed, MacMahon, Brennan, & Clarke, 2014; Schultz & Andreasen, 1999). Patients with schizophrenia also present with poverty of speech (Foussias & Remington, 2008; Schultz & Andreasen, 1999). Theoretically, if patients’ thought content is slowed, pressured, or disorganized, it may interfere with retrieving future episodic details.