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Steroid responsive polyneuropathy in a family with a novel myelin protein zero mutation
  1. M Donaghya,
  2. S M Sisodiyaa,
  3. R Kennettb,
  4. B McDonaldc,
  5. N Haitesd,
  6. C Belld
  1. aDepartment of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Infirmary, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK, bDepartment of Neurophysiology, cDepartment of Neuropathology, dDepartment of Medical Genetics, University of Aberdeen
  1. Dr M DonaghyJoanne.Wilkinson{at}clineuro.ox.ac.uk

Abstract

OBJECTIVE To report a novel hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) phenotype, with partial steroid responsiveness, caused by a novel dominant mutation in the myelin protein zero (MPZ) gene. MostMPZ mutations lead to the HMSN type I phenotype, with recent reports of Déjérine-Sottas, congenital hypomyelination, and HMSN II also ascribed to MPZmutations. Differing phenotypes may reflect the effect of particular mutations on MPZstructure and adhesivity.

METHODS Clinical, neurophysiological, neuropathological, and molecular genetic analysis of a family presenting with an unusual hereditary neuropathy.

RESULTS Progressive disabling weakness, with positive sensory phenomena and areflexia, occurred in the proband with raised CSF protein and initial steroid responsiveness. Nerve biopsy in a less severely affected sibling disclosed a demyelinating process with disruption of compacted myelin. The younger generation were so far less severely affected, becoming symptomatic only after 30 years. All affected family members were heterozygous for a novel MPZ mutation (Ile99Thr), in a conserved residue.

CONCLUSIONS This broadens the range of familial neuropathy associated with MPZ mutations to include steroid responsive neuropathy, initially diagnosed as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.

  • myelin protein P0
  • hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
  • steroid responsive polyneuropathy

https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.69.6.799

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    Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN), is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of peripheral nerve disorders.1 Pathological alterations in a number of genes,PMP22,connexin-32, and MPZ(myelin protein zero (P0)), account for some of the various phenotypes. P0 is the dominant transmembrane glycoprotein in peripheral myelin, and is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily.2 The various P0mutations produce differing clinical syndromes. Mutations in P0 usually cause a subgroup of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease characterised by nerve conduction velocities below 38m/s (HMSN IB), and P0 mutations have also been found in cases of Déjerine-Sottas disease and congenital hypomyelination.3-14 Recently, P0 mutations have been found in two families with the clinical and electrophysiological syndrome of HMSN II, the neuronal form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, thereby spreading the range of phenotypes beyond demyelinating and hypomyelinating neuropathies.15 16

    We report on a family with a novel P0 mutation presenting with the unique features of late onset of a relatively mild neuropathy with positive sensory symptoms and variably slowed nerve conduction. The proband presented the clinical picture of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) and initially responded to steroid treatment. The family is considered in the light of previous reports of progressive worsening in hereditary neuropathy, the notion of steroid responsive HMSN, the predicted effect of the mutation, and recent findings from animal models.

    Methods

    SUBJECTS

    The proband was referred for investigation of progressive disabling neuropathy. After the subsequent referral of two of his brothers for milder, similar symptoms, the rest of the pedigree was examined clinically and electrophysiologically and molecular genetic analysis of P0 was undertaken.

    ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

    Nerve conduction studies were performed on a Medelec Sapphire electromyograph by standard techniques using surface stimulating and recording electrodes.17

    NEUROPATHOLOGY

    A sural nerve biopsy was obtained from member II3. It was processed for routine light and electron microscopic studies.

    MOLECULAR GENETIC STUDIES

    Single stranded conformational polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing

    The coding region of the MPZ gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using six primer sets as published by Nelis et al.18Each amplification included 100 ng genomic DNA, 200 μM each of dATP, dGTP, and dTTP, 40 μM dCTP, and 1.66 μCi 32P α dCTP, reaction buffer (10 mM Tris HC1, 50 mM KC1, 0.001% gelatin (w/v)), MgC12 as appropriate for each primer set, 10 pmol each upstream and downstream primer, 1 unit Taq DNA polymerase, and sterile distilled H2O to 25 μl. Amplification conditions were as follows: 94oC for 2 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of 94oC for 1 minute, 60oC for 2 minutes, 72oC for 2 minutes 30 seconds, and a final extension step of 72oC for 10 minutes using a Techne PHC2 thermocycler. Products were then fractionated by electrophoresis in 5% non-denaturing acrylamide gels and any sample showing altered mobility on autoradiography was selected, and the particular fragment reamplified as above using equimolar dNTPs (non-radioactively). Products were then purified using Centricon-100 columns (Amicon) and sequenced using the Taq dyedideoxy sequencing kit (ABI) both according to manufacturers' instructions. Sequencing products were fractionated by electrophoresis on an ABI377 automated sequencer, and analysed using the Sequence Editor programme (ABI).

    Restriction analysis

    Exon 3 of the MPZ gene was amplified by PCR as for direct sequencing and an aliquot was subjected to SfaNI restriction digest according to the manufacturer's instructions. Restricted DNA was fractionated by electrophoresis in 2% agarose gels, stained in ethidium bromide, and visualised under UV light.

    Results

    CLINICAL FEATURES AND NERVE CONDUCTION STUDIES (FIG 1)

    The previously asymptomatic proband (II5), who was working delivering coal sacks, at the age of 58 developed leg weakness severe enough to prevent him from walking for several days after an upper respiratory tract illness. He never fully recovered, but was able to go back to work. Six months later the weakness worsened progressively for 5 months such that he had complete bilateral foot drop and was able to walk only 100 yards; upper limb weakness prevented work. He had developed tingling in his feet and hands. Examination showed an areflexic tetraparesis with loss of distal superficial and vibration sensitivity. His neurophysiological studies are shown in table 1. On two occasions he showed a proximal to distal compound muscle action potential (CMAP) ratio from the right median nerve of 56% and the left median F responses were absent. The remaining nerves showed diffuse slowing of conduction velocity without conduction block or dispersion of the CMAP after proximal nerve stimulation. Protein in CSF was raised (0.72 g/l), without pleocytosis. A diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) was made. After 4 months of treatment with 60 mg/day prednisolone, there was marked improvement, with loss of hand paraesthesia; arm strength improved sufficiently to lift potato sacks and walking distance improved from 100 yards to over 1 mile. However, subsequent deterioration and steroid induced side effects necessitated trials of plasma exchange, azathioprine, intravenous immunoglobulin, and cyclosporin, without marked benefit.

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Neurophysiology

    The proband's brother (II4), aged 59, was referred with a 2 year history of ascending leg paraesthesia and numbness. Examination showed absent ankle jerks, loss of vibration sense below the sternum, and reduced proprioception in the feet.

    Patient II3, aged 61, was referred with a 10 year history of foot numbness and lancinating pains, with recent unsteadiness and mild upper limb tremor. Examination showed mild upper limb action tremor, mild ankle dorsiflexion weakness, absent ankle jerks, and impairment of all sensory modalities in the feet. There was no upper limb weakness initially, but he later developed hand weakness, being unable to open bottles, and his walking distance decreased. His CSF protein was raised (0.68 g/l), without pleocytosis. He underwent a sural nerve biopsy.

    Patients III6, III7, and III8 (aged 32 to 34) were seen as part of the family study; all had paraesthesiae without weakness, areflexia, or sensory loss. All three had occasional positive sensory symptoms starting between the ages of 31 and 34 years. None of the patients with clinical, electrophysiological, or molecular genetic abnormalities showed pes cavus.

    NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

    Results are summarised in table 1. In the right median nerve in the proband (II5) only, compound muscle action potential amplitude fell from 2.5 mV to 1.4 mV between the elbow and the wrist; conduction velocity over this segment was 28 m/s. Repeat studies in the proband 9 years after initial presentation did not show significant progression. Patients II3 and II4 had more moderate slowing of conduction, with some preservation of sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs). Patient III6 had borderline slowing of conduction and reduced SNAPs. These family members with slowing of motor velocity did not show conduction block or dispersion.

    NEUROPATHOLOGY

    A 1.2 cm segment of sural nerve biopsy was obtained. Light microscopy showed chronic axonal neuropathy with attempted regeneration and without evidence of segmental myelin degeneration. The axonal damage was manifest as a moderate density reduction across the range of calibres of myelinated axon fibres (fig 2). Onion bulb regenerative clusters were absent and the appearance of teased nerve fibre preparations was normal.

    Figure 2
    Figure 2

    Resin embedded section (1 μm) stained with toluidine blue, showing a reduction of density of myelinated axon fibres across the range of fibre diameters and extensive regenerative sprouting manifest by the clustering of thinly myelinated, mainly small fibres (magnification×100).

    Transmission electron microscopy confirmed chronic axonal degeneration with a reduction in myelinated axons, disruption of myelin compaction, a degree of axonal sprouting, and an increase in the endoneurial fibrous connective tissue component.

    MUTATION ANALYSIS

    SSCP analysis of the MPZ coding region disclosed a mobility shift in members II5 and II4 when compared with unaffected control DNA (fig 3). Sequence analysis demonstrated a heterozygous change (ATC to ACC) in codon 99, resulting in the substitution of the isoleucine residue by a threonine residue. No other mobility shifts were detected in theMPZ gene. The sequence change abolishes an SfaNI restriction site within the exon 3 fragment, allowing rapid screening of additional members. On restriction, a normal control allele demonstrates fragments of 270 bp and 91 bp, and a mutant allele is represented by a 361 bp fragment (fig 4). Other available affected family members (II1, II3, II6, III1, III2, III6, III7, III8) were screened for the presence of the mutation by either direct sequencing or restriction analysis and were shown to possess the same heterozygous change at codon 99. The change was not detected in 96 unrelated control alleles, as determined by SfaNI restriction analysis.

    Figure 3
    Figure 3

    Mobility shift seen on SSCP analysis of exon 3 of the MPZ gene in individual II.3 (lane 4). Lanes 1–3 represent additional patients with HMSN. Lane 5 represents the mobility shift demonstrated by a normal control.

    Figure 4
    Figure 4

    (A) Schematic representation of the restriction site change resulting from the point mutation (ATC>ACC) in codon 99 of the MPZ gene. Control sequence contains one SfaNI site and on restriction analysis produces two fragments of 270 bp and 91 bp. If the sequence change ATC>ACC is present, the site is lost and a single fragment of 361 bp results. (B) Image of SfaNI restriction analysis of exon 3 of the MPZ gene in a selection of family members. An unaffected control member is shown in lane 1 and demonstrates the presence of 270 bp fragment (91bp fragment not shown on gel). Lanes 2–8 represents imembers from the family as indicated. Each of these members demonstrates both uncut mutant allele (361 bp) and cut normal allele (270 bp). Lane 9 represents a size standard and lane 10, a non-restricted control.

    Discussion

    The range of clinical and electrophysiological abnormalities associated with MPZ mutations is expanding, and is summarised in table 2. The members of this family present a new phenotypic range with some unusual features. If the members of the third generation had been seen alone, a label of HMSN II might have been attached to this pedigree. On the basis of conduction velocity alone, the proband and one of his sibs would be classified as HMSN1. However, the age at onset of symptoms, reported spontaneously only by members of the second generation and at no earlier than 50 years of age, is much later than that in most published reports ofMPZ mutation (less than 30 years of age in all reports except that of Ohnishi et al 19; see table 2). The symptoms and signs of the affected family members, except II5, are also much milder than in almost all published reports.6 8 11 12 18 20-38 In keeping with this, motor conduction velocities in most published reports are much more severely reduced, usually less than 30m/s; exceptions are the two recent reports of HMSN type II phenotypes in association withMPZ mutation.15 16 In addition, members in both second and third generations had positive sensory symptoms, whether volunteered or elicited at family interview. Positive sensory symptoms are not generally a feature of HMSN or other inherited neuropathies, although they have been reported in some progressive genetically determined storage disorders causing a secondary neuropathy such as metachromatic leukodystrophy and Krabbé's disease.39 The significance of the different ages of onset of symptoms in the second and third generations is not clear. The unique electroclinical phenotype of this pedigree may reflect the novelty of the MPZmutation.

    View this table:
    Table 2

    Summary of previous reports of MPZ mutations

    All affected family members were heterozygous for the novelMPZ mutation and it is curious that so many members of our pedigree have inherited the mutation. Although unlikely in purely statistical terms, other large pedigrees have provided the resource necessary for genetic studies of the inherited neuropathies, and even larger pedigrees are seen in association with mild phenotypes.16 The genetic alterations detected in such pedigrees, and our own, are not polymorphisms in the strict sense, but the resulting disease may be so mild as to have little apparent consequence on survival or reproductive fitness. The pattern of inheritance is dominant. The heterozygous sequence change identified in affected members of this family results in the substitution of the existing non-polar isoleucine residue by a threonine (uncharged polar) residue at codon 99. The isoleucine residue is conserved in human, bovine, and rat MPZ proteins, but is replaced by other non-polar residues (methionine and valine) in chicken and shark MPZ proteins respectively. Taken in combination with the finding that the change was not seen in 96 unrelated control alleles, it suggests that this sequence change is responsible for the phenotype in this family.

    MPZ is considered to have a major role in the compaction of normal myelin via homophilic interactions mediated by a single extracellular Ig-like domain40 41 and its associated N-linked carbohydrate moiety. Similar adhesive qualities are also mediated by homophilic interactions of the intracellular domains and their interaction with membrane phospholipids.42 These hypotheses are supported by the generation of variousMPZ knockout mouse models that demonstrate poor myelin compaction, accompanied by axon degeneration and signs of demyelination.43-46 Codon 99 resides in exon 3 of theMPZ gene, and with exon 2 makes up the extracellular domain of the protein. Most mutations reported to date occur in either exon 2 or 3 or the MPZ gene, indicating the importance of this domain in normalMPZ function (table 2). Evidence from the nerve biopsy of member II3, combined with the general family phenotype, indicates that the effect of this codon 99 mutation in this family is rather mild. This is by contrast with the effect of mutations at the adjacent amino acid: arg98pro, arg98cys, and arg98his, resulting in phenotypes that range from the classic Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 to Déjerine-Sottas disease. Nerve pathology confirmed that defective myelination was evident in those cases and widening of the myelin intraperiod lines was also a common finding. The apparent severity of mutation at this adjacent codon contrasts with the mild phenotype noted in the family described here.

    Given the occurrence of CIDP-like illness in the proband, does thisMPZ mutation predispose to inflammatory neuropathy? Interestingly, heterozygous P0 knockout mice develop a neuropathy resembling CIDP, with an age dependent onset, and progression to a variable level of disability with subsequent stabilisation. Electrophysiological features of CIDP were noted with temporal dispersion, non-uniform slowing, and conduction block. Progressive morphological changes in initially normal appearing nerves, onion bulb formation, and axonal loss were also noted accompanied by T lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration. These findings led to speculation that an immune mediated mechanism contributes to the demyelination in these animals. Acute inflammatory neuropathy has been found in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with a reduplication of the PMP22 gene.47 Mixed electrophysiological features of both hereditary and acquired demyelinating neuropathy have been described in X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with connexin 32 mutations, which too can show clinical progression.48 49 Our family and others in the literature have some features of this animal model with progression and evidence of inflammation. Whether this is triggered by the abnormal myelin constituents or an autoimmune response to myelin is unclear but suggests that other factors have a role in the expression of the basic genetic defect.

    The proband and II3 had more severe and disabling symptoms, and clinical evidence of motor progression not ascribable to orthopaedic complications. Both had raised CSF protein. There are other reports of progressive symptoms in pedigrees withMPZ mutation, sometimes occurring for a limited period.18 Steroid responsiveness has been reported in cases of progressive HMSN, usually characterised by increased CSF protein.50 The steroid therapy given to the proband in our family was of undoubted initial benefit, although to a lesser eventual degree than in many patients with sensory-motor chronic CIDP. Only long term follow up will determine whether all carriers of this mutation undergo accelerated deterioration partially responsive to steroids. The presence of CIDP in two siblings has also been reported.51That report predated molecular genetic testing in HMSN, leaving open the possibility that the siblings in fact had a genetically determined (predisposition to) neuropathy. This raises the question of whether other familial, or even some apparently sporadic cases of CIDP ought to be tested for known HMSN mutations.

    Acknowledgments

    The Medical Genetics Laboratory is a member of the European CMT Consortium, which is sponsored by a EU BIOMED2 grant (CT951614). We are grateful to Mrs J Wilkinson for preparing the manuscript.

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