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CSF hypocretin-1 levels in narcolepsy, Kleine-Levin syndrome, and other hypersomnias and neurological conditions
  1. Y Dauvilliers1,2,3,
  2. CR Baumann4,
  3. B Carlander1,
  4. M Bischof4,
  5. T Blatter4,
  6. M Lecendreux5,
  7. F Maly6,
  8. A Besset3,
  9. J Touchon1,3,
  10. M Billiard1,
  11. M Tafti2,
  12. C L Bassetti4
  1. 1Service de Neurologie B, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Montpellier, France
  2. 2Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva, Switzerland
  3. 3INSERM E0361, Hôpital la Colombière, Montpellier, France
  4. 4Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
  5. 5Service de Psychopathologie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
  6. 6Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
  1. Correspondence to:
 Dr Yves Dauvilliers
 Service de Neurologie B, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France; ydauvilliersyahoo.fr

Abstract

Objective: To determine the role of CSF hypocretin-1 in narcolepsy with and without cataplexy, Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS), idiopathic and other hypersomnias, and several neurological conditions.

Patients: 26 narcoleptic patients with cataplexy, 9 narcoleptic patients without cataplexy, 2 patients with abnormal REM-sleep-associated hypersomnia, 7 patients with idiopathic hypersomnia, 2 patients with post-traumatic hypersomnia, 4 patients with KLS, and 88 patients with other neurological disorders.

Results: 23 patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy had low CSF hypocretin-1 levels, while one patient had a normal hypocretin level (HLA-DQB1*0602 negative) and the other two had intermediate levels (familial forms). One narcoleptic patient without cataplexy had a low hypocretin level. One patient affected with post-traumatic hypersomnia had intermediate hypocretin levels. The KLS patients had normal hypocretin levels while asymptomatic, but one KLS patient (also affected with Prader-Willi syndrome) showed a twofold decrease in hypocretin levels during a symptomatic episode. Among the patients without hypersomnia, two patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus and one with unclear central vertigo had intermediate levels.

Conclusion: Low CSF hypocretin-1 is highly specific (99.1%) and sensitive (88.5%) for narcolepsy with cataplexy. Hypocretin ligand deficiency appears not to be the major cause for other hypersomnias, with a possible continuum in the pathophysiology of narcolepsy without cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia. However, partial hypocretin lesions without low CSF hypocretin-1 consequences cannot be definitely excluded in those disorders. The existence of normal hypocretin levels in narcoleptic patients and intermediate levels in other rare aetiologies needs further investigation, especially for KLS, to establish the functional significance of hypocretin neurotransmission alterations.

  • Hypocretin
  • narcolepsy
  • hypersomnia
  • HLA
  • cataplexy
  • familial
  • Kleine-Levin
  • neurological disorders
  • EDS, excessive daytime sleepiness
  • ICSD, international classification of sleep disorders
  • KLS, Kleine-Levin syndrome
  • MSLT, multiple sleep latency test
  • PLM, periodic leg movements
  • RDI, respiratory disturbances index
  • SOREMP, sleep onset REM period

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Footnotes

  • YD and MT were supported by the Geneva University Hospitals.