Cutfield and colleagues1 demonstrate several useful practice points in their description of a man with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and HIV associated cerebral vasculopathy who recovered with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (see page 936). He presented with encephalopathy and right-sided neglect, and his MRI brain scan and cerebral angiogram showed features compatible with cerebral vasculitis but without evidence of vasculitis on brain biopsy. They excluded other likely infective and autoimmune causes and treated him with HAART without any additional antimicrobial or immunosuppressive therapy. He made a significant clinical and radiological recovery.

“HIV associated vasculopathy” in the cerebral circulation encompasses …