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Anti-GM1 IgG antibodies in Guillain–Barré syndrome: fine specificity is associated with disease severity
  1. Ricardo D Lardone1,
  2. Nobuhiro Yuki2,3,
  3. Masaaki Odaka4,
  4. Jose L Daniotti1,
  5. Fernando J Irazoqui1,
  6. Gustavo A Nores1
  1. 1Departamento de Química Biológica ‘Dr Ranwel Caputto’—CIQUIBIC, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
  2. 2Department of Neurology, Niigata National Hospital, Niigata, Japan
  3. 3Department of Clinical Research, Niigata National Hospital, Niigata, Japan
  4. 4Department of Neurology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
  1. Correspondence to Dr Gustavo Nores, Departamento de Química Biológica ‘Dr Ranwel Caputto’—CIQUIBIC, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; gnores{at}fcq.unc.edu.ar

Abstract

Background Clinical severity of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is highly variable, but the immunopathological reason is unknown.

Objective The study was designed to show which antibody parameters are associated with disease severity in GBS patients with serum anti-GM1 IgG antibodies.

Methods Thirty-four GBS patients with anti-GM1 IgG antibodies were grouped into two categories according to disease severity at nadir: mild (grades 1–3 by Hughes functional scale, n=13) and severe (grades 4 and 5, n=21). Titre, affinity, fine specificity and cell binding of anti-GM1 antibodies were obtained and compared between the two groups.

Results No differences in antibody titre (GM1-ELISA) or affinity were found between the two patient groups. In contrast, the severe group showed a significantly higher frequency (95%, vs 46% in the mild group, p=0.002) of specific (not cross-reacting with GD1b) anti-GM1 antibodies. In addition, the severe group also exhibited a higher antibody binding titre to cellular GM1.

Conclusions Differences in fine specificity of antibodies are strong indications that different regions of the GM1-oligosaccharide are involved in antibody binding. High titres of specific anti-GM1 antibody binding to cellular GM1 can be explained by antigen exposure, that is, GM1 exposes or forms mainly epitopes recognised by specific antibodies, and ‘hides’ those involved in binding of cross-reacting antibodies. Thus, the fine specificity of anti-GM1 antibodies may influence disease severity by affecting antibody binding to cellular targets. Additionally, since antibody specificity studies are relatively easy to implement, fine specificity could be considered a useful predictor of disease severity.

  • GM1 ganglioside
  • anti-GM1 antibodies
  • fine specificity
  • disease severity
  • Guillain–Barré syndrome
  • ganglioside

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Footnotes

  • Funding This work was supported by grants from Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (PICT 05-13523 to GAN, PICT 967-2007 to FJI, and PICT 601 to JLD); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Córdoba; and Secretaría de Ciencia y Técnica (SeCyT-UNC), Argentina.

  • Competing interests None.

  • Ethics approval Ethics approval was provided by the Ethics Committee from Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan. Internal commitee from CIQUIBIC–CONICET, Argentina.

  • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.