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Movement disorders
Review
Unravelling of the paroxysmal dyskinesias
  1. Roberto Erro1,
  2. Kailash P Bhatia2
  1. 1 Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Universitá di Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
  2. 2 Sobell Department For Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
  1. Correspondence to Roberto Erro, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”,Universitá di Salerno, Baronissi 84081, Italy; rerro{at}unisa.it

Abstract

Paroxysmal dyskinesias (PxD) refer to a rare group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders presenting with recurrent attacks of abnormal movements, typically dystonia, chorea or a combination thereof, without loss of consciousness. Classically, PxD have been categorised according to their triggers and duration of the attacks, but increasing evidence suggests that there is a certain degree of clinical and genetic overlap and challenges the concept that one phenotype is attributable to one single aetiology. Here we review the increasing spectrum of genetic conditions, as well as of other non-genetic disorders, that might present with PxD, provide criteria for case definition and propose a diagnostic workup to reach a definitive diagnosis, on which treatment is heavily dependent.

  • PRRT2
  • PNKD
  • PKD
  • PED
  • GLUT1.

https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-318932

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    Footnotes

    • Contributors RE: conception, writing the first draft. KPB: conception, reviewing the draft.

    • Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

    • Competing interests RE received honoraria for speaking at meetings from TEVA, ZAMBON and the International Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Society. He receives royalties from publication of Case Studies in Movement Disorders–Common and uncommon presentations (Cambridge University Press, 2017). KPB has received grant support from Welcome/MRC, NIHR, Parkinsons’s UK and EU Horizon 2020. He receives royalties from publication of the Oxford Specialist Handbook Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2008), of Marsden's Book of Movement Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), and of Case Studies in Movement Disorders–Common and uncommon presentations (Cambridge University Press, 2017). He has received honoraria/personal compensation for participating as consultant/scientific board member from Ipsen, Allergan, Merz and honoraria for speaking at meetings and from Allergan, Ipsen, Merz, Sun Pharma, Teva, UCB Pharmaceuticals and from the American Academy of Neurology and the International Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Society.

    • Patient consent Not required.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.