Patients’ clinical and angiographic characteristics
Case No | First symptoms | IIH Symptoms | IIH Sp/onset (y) | Type | Location | Drainage of the fistula with reflux in: | Sinus anomalies |
1 | IIH | Headache Visual obscurations | 0 | IIa | SSS | SSS, left TS | Right TS thrombosis |
2 | Tinnitus, IH | Visual acuity loss Papilloedema | 0 | I | Right TS | No Reflux | Absence of left TS |
3 | IH | Headache Visual obscurations Visual acuity loss | 0 | IIa+b | Right TS | Left TS, SS, cortical veins | Thrombosis of right TS and SSS, straight stenosis of left TS |
4 | IH | Headache Visual acuity loss Papilloedema | 0 | IIa+b | Right TS | Left TS | Thrombosis of SSS posterior third , stenosis of left TS |
5 | Tinnitus | Headache Visual acuity loss Papilloedema | 4 | IIa | Torcular | Both TS, SSS | No |
6 | IH | Headache Visual acuity loss Papilloedema | 0 | I | Both TS and torcular | No reflux | No |
7 | IH | Visual obscurations Papilloedema | 0 | IIb | Right TS | Cortical veins, SSS | Right TS stenosis up and downstream |
8 | Tinnitus, IH | Headache VIth nerve palsy Papilloedema | 0 | IIa+b | Left TS | Right TS, SSS | No |
9 | Seizure | Visual acuity loss Optic atrophy | 9 | IIa+b | Torcular | SSS, cortical veins | Stenosis of both TS |
10 | Frontal superficial veins dilatation | Visual acuity loss Optic atrophy | 13 | IIa | SSS | Both TS, SS, ISS | Straight stenosis of both TS |
11 | Tinnitus , IH | Visual acuity loss Optic atrophy | 0 | IIa | Right TS | SSS, left TS | Stenosis of right TS |
12 | IH | Diplopia Visual acuity loss Papilloedema | 0 | IIa | Left TS | SSS, right TS | Left TS thrombosis |
13 | Tinnitus | Headache Visual obscurations Papilloedema | 0.5 | -IIa-IIa-IIb | Left TSTorcular Cavernous sinus | Right TS SSS vein of Trolar | No |
Patterns of cerebral venous drainage | Follow up (y) | Complications |
Extremely prolonged, via SPS, sphenoparietal S, SOV, meningeal veins | 15 | Chronic tonsilar herniation |
Prolonged via SSS and right TS | 1 | |
Extremely prolonged, via cavernous sinus and meningeal veins | 3 | Acute tonsilar herniation (coma) after lumboperitoneal shunting |
Prolonged via diploic and facial superficial veins, cavernous S, SOV | 0.5 | |
Prolonged via SSS, SPS, cavernous S | 6 | |
Prolonged, via SSS, SS, both TS | 1 | |
Prolonged, via SSS, Left TS | 19 | |
Prolonged, via SSS, rigth TS | 2 | |
Prolonged SSS, sphenoparietal S, cavernous S | 23 | |
Extremely prolonged, via cav S and meningeal veins | 16 | Chronic tonsilar herniation |
Extremely prolonged, via cav S and meningeal veins | 8 | Acute tonsilar herniation (death) after lumboperitoneal shunting |
Prolonged via SSS and right TS | 3 | |
Prolonged via straight S, right TS, meningeal veins | 0.5 | Acute confusion after lumbar puncture regressive after embolisation |