Report | Age/sex | Clinical symtoms | Potassium (mmol/l) | Creatinine (mmol/l) | CSF | Possible reason for hyperkalaemia | ECG findings | Neurographic and EMG findings | Treatment | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
This case | 62/M | Tetraplegia and distal areflexia within one week; distal dysaesthesia; cranial nerves normal | 8.2 | 0.17 | Normal | Mild renal failure; spironolactone intake | QRS prolonged T raised | Decreased NCV and amplitudes; F waves increased; EMG normal | Haemodialysis; Ca infusion | Completely resolved |
Naumann et al4 | 36/F | Symmetric tetraparesis, dysaesthesia and areflexia; cranial nerves normal | 8.4 | 1.47 | Normal | Nephrosclerosis; chronic renal failure | QRS prolonged; T sharp | Decreased NCV; EMG normal | Haemodialysis | Completely resolved |
Khullar et al6 | 50/M | Ascending tetraparesis; anaesthesia in feet | 7.0 | 1.01 | Nd | Diabetes; anuria | Nd | Nd | Haemodialysis | Completely resolved |
Freeman and Fale5 | 75/M | Distal tetraplegia, no areflexia; cranial nerves normal | 10.2 | 0.21 | Normal | Diabetes; amiloride intake | QRS prolonged | Nd | Insulin and glucose infusion | Completely resolved |
Tamm3 | a: 66/M | Tetraparesis, tremor | 11.2 | 2.06 | Nd | Renal failure; spironolactone intake | QRS prolonged; P absent | Nd | Haemodialysis; Ca infusion | Completely resolved |
b: 65/M | Ascending paraparesis | 9.3 | 1.20 | Nd | Chronic renal failure; excessive cherry intake | QRS prolonged; P absent | Nd | Haemodialysis; Ca infusion | Completely resolved | |
c: 73/F | Tetraplegia | 8.6 | Nd | Nd | Spironolactone intake; no renal failure | Normal | Nd | Insulin and glucose infusion; diuresis | Completely resolved | |
Rado10 | 76/F | Pure motor tetraplegia within one month; cranial nerves normal | 8.8 | Nd | Nd | Spironolactone intake; chronic renal failure | QRS prolonged; P absent; T raised | Nd | Ca and insulin infusion; resonium | Completely resolved |
Shinotoh et al2 | 38/M | Tetraplegia and areflexia within one week; distal paraesthesia; cranial nerves normal | 8.7 | 1.26 | Nd | Traumatic rupture of urinary bladder | QRS prolonged | Decreased motor CNV; increased distal latency | Haemodialysis; insulin infusion | Completely resolved |
Palmer and Wikström7 | 68/M | Pure motor tetraparesis | 7.9 | 0.10 | Nd | Spironolactone intake; normal renal function | T raised | Nd | Insulin and glucose infusion | Completely resolved |
Jaffey and Martin11 | 69/F | Tetraparesis with hyporeflexia and paraesthesia | 9.3 | Nd | Nd | Spironolactone intake; mild renal failure | “Bizarre” QRS; P absent | Nd | Ca and insulin infusion | Completely resolved |
Udezue and Harrold8 | 69/M | Progressive ascending pure motor paralysis and areflexia | 9.3 | Nd | Nd | Spironolactone (100 mg/day) | QRS prolonged; P absent | Nd | Insulin and glucose infusion; peritoneal dialysis | Died of pulmonary embolism; paralysis resolved |
Livingstone and Cumming9 | 38/M | Ascending paraparesis and areflexia of the lower limbs; no sensory symptoms; cranial nerves normal | 9.3 | 1.25 | Nd | Traumatic urine excretion failure | “Typical signs of hyperkaliaemia” | Nd | Peritoneal dialysis | Completely resolved |
Gelfand et al14 | 44/F | Tetraplegia; mental disorientation | 9.8 | Nd | Nd | Geophagia (clay); chronic renal failure | Arrhythmia | Nd | Nd | Completely resolved |
Kalbian13 | 46/M | Paraparesis of the lower limbs | 8.0 | Nd | Nd | Spironolactone intake; potassium supplement | T raised | Nd | Insulin and glucose infusion | Completely resolved |
Herman and Rado12 | 43/M | Tetraplegia and areflexia; pain in all limbs | 9.5 | 0.40 | Nd | Spironolactone intake; diabetic nephropathy | T raised | Nd | Insulin and glucose infusion | Died because of cardic arrest |
Richardson and Sibley16 | 21/M | Tetraplegia and areflexia | 9.9 | Nd | Normal | Glomerulonephritis | T raised | Nd | Insulin and glucose infusion | Died because of “convulsions” |
McNaughty and Burchell15 | 49/F | Tetraplegia | 8.6 | 11.2 | Nd | Renal failure; pyelonephritis | P absent; T raised | Nd | Glucose and Ca infusion | Completely resolved |
m=Male, f=female, nd=no data available, NCV=nerve conduction velocity, EMG=electromyogram, Ca=Calcium.