Aetiologies of secondary chorea and dystonia1-150
| Primary cause | Mechanism | |
|---|---|---|
| Hypoxia-ischaemia | Global hypoperfusion | |
| Toxins | Cellular (mitochondrial) injury | |
| Neurotransmitter imbalance | Receptor antagonism | |
| Receptor stimulation | ||
| Neurotransmitter reuptake inhibition | ||
| Neurotransmitter depletion | ||
| Altered neurotransmitter turnover | ||
| Infection | Vasculopathy due to antibodies or organism | |
| Antibodies to basal ganglia epitopes | ||
| Direct basal ganglia invasion by the organism | ||
| Neuronal injury by an elaborated cytotoxin | ||
| Antibody mediated | Vasculopathy | |
| Cross reaction with basal ganglia epitopes | ||
| Metabolic disorders | Endocrine dysfunction | |
| Electrolyte abnormalities | ||
↵1-150 More than one mechanism may be involved in the generation of specific dyskinesias.