Aetiological classification of diabetes mellitus
| Type 1 diabetes4-150 (B cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency. |
|---|
| Immune mediated |
| Idiopathic |
| Type 2 diabetes4-150 (may range from predominantly insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency to a predominantly secretory defect with insulin resistance) |
| Other specific types |
| Genetic defects of β cell function |
| Chromosome 12, HNF-1 (formerly MODY3) |
| Chromosome 7, glucokinase (formerly MODY2) |
| Chromosome 20, HNF-4 (formerly MODY1) |
| Mitochondrial DNA |
| Others |
| Genetic defects in insulin action |
| Type A insulin resistance |
| Leprechaunism |
| Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome |
| Lipoatrophic diabetes |
| Others |
| Diseases of the exocrine pancreas |
| Pancreatitis |
| Trauma/pancreatectomy |
| Neoplasia |
| Cystic fibrosis |
| Haemochromatosis |
| Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy |
| Others |
| Endocrinopathies |
| Acromegaly |
| Cushing’s syndrome |
| Glucagonoma |
| Pheochromocytoma |
| Hyperthyroidism |
| Somatostatinoma |
| Aldosteronoma |
| Others |
| Drug or chemical induced |
| Glucocorticoids |
| Pentamidine |
| Nicotinic acid |
| Vacor |
| Thyroid hormone |
| Diazoxide |
| ß-adrenergic agonists |
| Thiazides |
| Phenytoin |
| Interferon |
| Others |
| Infections |
| Congenital rubella |
| Cytomegalovirus |
| Others |
| Uncommon forms of immune mediated diabetes |
| ”Stiff man” syndrome, associated with antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) |
| Anti-insulin receptor antibodies |
| Others |
| Other genetic syndromes sometimes associated with diabetes |
| Down’s syndrome |
| Klinefelter’s syndrome |
| Turner’s syndrome |
| Wolfram syndrome |
| Friedreich’s ataxia |
| Lawrence-Moon-Biedl syndrome |
| Myotonic dystrophy |
| Porphyria |
| Prader Willi syndrome |
| Others |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus |
↵4-150 Patients with any form of diabetes may require insulin treatment at some stage of their disease. Such use of insulin does not, of itself, classify the patient.