Table 5

Observed and adjusted means (SD) and effect size of differences

Tests Observed mean (SD) Adjusted mean (SD) Effect size (d)
Orientation:
  Time3.2  (1.7)3.1  (1.7)−0.1
  Place3.8 (1.6)3.7 (1.7)−0.1
Boston naming test (abbreviated)12.4 (2.8)12.4 (2.8)0
GIT-IQ (abbreviated )83.4 (15.4)70.5 (23.6)−0.85-160
Similarities (WAIS)3.5 (4.6)2.5 (4.1)−0.2
Proverbs (information WAIS)0.8 (1.6)0.7 (1.5)−0.1
Digit symbol (WAIS)23.9 (9.9)15.4 (14.1)−0.95-160
Trail making test A (s)86.2 (48.0)111.8 (72.8)0.95-160
Trail making test B (s)194.9 (77.1)266.0 (69.7)0.95-160
Modified WCST categories1.8 (1.5)1.3 (1.0)−0.3
Modified WCST perseverations (%)62.8 (27.6)84.8 (24.6)−0.85-160
Category fluency animals (GIT)7.9 (5.7)7.4 (5.6)−0.1
Category fluency professions (GIT)6.1 (4.7)5.3 (4.8)−0.2
Digit span forwards (WAIS)4.8 (.9)4.7 (1.0)−0.1
Digit span backwards (WAIS)2.6 (1.4)2.4 (1.6)−0.1
Word list learning total (z score)−2.5 (1,4)−3.1 (1.7)−0.45-150
Word list learning recall (z score)−0.4 (1.0)−0.4 (0.9)0
Drawing clockface1.7 (1.1)1.6 (1.1)−0.1
  • 5-150 Effect size is significant (d⩾[‖] 0.4[‖]: p⩽0.05; 2 tailed).

  • 5-160 Effect size is significant (d⩾[‖] 0.5[‖]: p⩽0.01; 2 tailed).

  • GIT-IQ=Intelligence quotient from the Groninger intelligence test; WAIS=Wechsler adult intelligence scale; WCST=Wisconsin card sorting test.