Neurocognitive test scores at baseline, three, and 12 months after surgery (mean/SD) and number of patients displaying test score changes of two or more standard deviations from three to 12 months and baseline to 12 months
| Baseline | Three months after surgery | Twelve months after surgery | Improvement | Decline | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| >2 SD | >2 SD | ||||||
| 3-12 | B-12 | 3-12 | B-12 | ||||
| *Lower score is better; †Bonferroni p≤0.05 baseline to three months, ‡Bonferroni p≤0.05 baseline to 12 months, §Bonferroni p≤0.05 3 to 12 months. | |||||||
| Cognitive screening (n=40) | |||||||
| Mattis Dementia Rating Scale | |||||||
| Attention (/37) | 34.80 (2.14) | 35.20 (1.67) | 34.63 (2.54) | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 |
| Initiation/Perseveration (37) | 33.75 (3.75) | 34.87 (3.57) | 34.85 (3.75) | 3 | 6 | 2 | 2 |
| Construction (/6)† ‡ | 4.40 (2.13) | 5.55 (0.85) | 5.57 (1.11) | 4 | 14 | 4 | 1 |
| Conceptualisation (/39)§ | 33.95 (3.53) | 33.60 (3.48) | 34.82 (3.35) | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Memory (/25) | 22.92 (1.70) | 23.38 (1.64) | 23.23 (2.63) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| Simple attention (n=37) | |||||||
| Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised | |||||||
| Mental control (6) | 5.00 (1.08) | 5.05 (1.15) | 5.08 (1.30) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Digit span forward (/12) | 7.70 (1.97) | 7.97 (1.94) | 8.03 (2.17) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Digit span backward (/12) | 5.57 (1.80) | 5.22 (1.69) | 5.62 (1.93) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Visual span forward (/14) | 7.73 (1.64) | 8.05 (1.72) | 7.95 (1.99) | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 |
| Visual span backward (/12) | 6.70 (1.58) | 7.38 (1.64) | 7.22 (1.75) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Complex attention (n=30) | |||||||
| Brief Test of Attention (/20) | 13.23 (4.00) | 12.97 (4.60) | 13.33 (4.03) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test | |||||||
| Colour (/112) | 111.83 (0.46) | 111.87 (0.35) | 109.13 (15.14) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Colour-word (/112) | 73.67 (23.85) | 75.67 (24.27) | 74.97 (26.14) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Executive function (n=32) | |||||||
| Wisconsin Card Sorting Test | |||||||
| Categories (/6) | 4.22 (1.96) | 4.09 (2.05) | 4.44 (1.97) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Trials to first category (max 128)* | 23.00 (31.09) | 22.50 (29.79) | 20.12 (22.90) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Perseverative responses* | 29.16 (27.10) | 26.62 (21.51) | 27.59 (23.25) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Failure to maintain set* | 1.03 (1.20) | 1.44 (1.41) | 0.91 (1.30) | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Cognitive Estimation Test | |||||||
| Deviation Score (/10)* | 4.22 (1.81) | 4.31 (1.96) | 4.06 (1.83) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Language (n=40) | |||||||
| Semantic (category) fluency | |||||||
| (z score) | −0.71 (1.00) | −0.75 (1.09) | −0.76 (1.13) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| (raw score) | 14.22 (4.86) | 14.03 (4.66) | 12.98 (3.79) | ||||
| Lexical (letter) fluency | |||||||
| (z score) | −0.99 (0.83) | −1.12 (0.85) | −1.18 (1.01) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| (raw score) | 30.38 (9.96) | 28.40 (10.23) | 28.10 (12.44) | ||||
| Boston Naming Test (/60) | 51.70 (7.56) | 51.43 (10.53) | 53.53 (5.41) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Fine visuomotor coordination (n=29) | |||||||
| Grooved pegboard | |||||||
| Dominant hand (t score)† ‡ | 26.41 (8.97) | 34.00 (8.20) | 32.10 (8.06) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Non-dominant hand (t score) | 30.90 (10.50) | 31.52 (10.17) | 31.00 (9.72) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Visuoperception (n=34) | |||||||
| Benton Facial Recognition (/54) | 43.53 (5.73) | 45.00 (3.93) | 44.18 (4.44) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Hooper Visual Organisation Test (/30)† ‡ | 24.03 (3.61) | 25.26 (2.05) | 25.59 (3.02) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Visual memory (n=34) | |||||||
| Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised | |||||||
| Figural memory (/10) | 6.32 (1.39) | 6.76 (1.60) | 6.18 (1.36) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Verbal memory (n=35) | |||||||
| California Verbal Learning Test | |||||||
| Total immediate (trials 1–5) | |||||||
| (t score)‡ § | 42.89 (12.13) | 43.54 (10.79) | 48.43 (12.17) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Short delay free recall (/16)‡ | 7.77 (2.82) | 8.31 (3.27) | 8.86 (3.00) | 6 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| Long delay free recall (/16)‡ | 8.23 (3.27) | 9.06 (3.07) | 9.43 (3.01) | 1 | 6 | 1 | 0 |
| Recognition hits (/16)† ‡ | 13.77 (1.88) | 14.77 (1.06) | 14.86 (1.14) | 0 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
| Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised | |||||||
| Logical memory-immediate (/50) | 22.77 (7.20) | 23.74 (7.43) | 24.66 (6.23) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Logical memory-delayed (/50)‡ | 17.09 (7.36) | 20.23 (9.01) | 20.97 (7.10) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |