To be avoided

• –sudden head-up postural change (especially on waking)

• –prolonged recumbency

• –straining during micturition and defaecation

• –high environmental temperature (including hot baths)

• –“severe” exertion

• –large meals (especially with refined carbohydrate)

• –alcohol

• –drugs with vasodepressor properties

To be introduced

• –head-up tilt during sleep

• –small frequent meals

• –High salt intake

• –judicious exercise (including swimming)

• –body positions and manoeuvres

To be considered

• –elastic stockings

• –abdominal binders

• –water ingestion