Risk factors for periventricular leucomalacia (PVL)
| After Kuban and Leviton 1994.25 |
| 1. Placental vascular anastomoses |
| 2. Twin gestation |
| 3. Antepartum haemorrhage and abruption |
| 4. Inflammation of the umbilical cord or membranes—that is, amnionitis |
| 5. Low gestational age |
| 6. Acidosis, low Apgar scores or asphyxia |
| 7. Intracranial haemorrhage |
| 8. Hypotension |
| 9. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) |
| 10. Sepsis |
| 11. Necrotising enterocolitis or surgery |