Table 2

Common causes of encephalopathy

Reproduced from Chaudhuri and Kennedy,9 with permission.

  • Anoxic/ischaemic

  • Metabolic

  • Nutritional deficiency

  • Toxic

  • Systemic infections

  • Critical illness

  • Malignant hypertension

  • Mitochondrial cytopathy (Reye’s and MELAS syndromes)

  • Hashimoto’s encephalopathy

  • Paraneoplastic

  • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

  • Traumatic brain injury

  • Epileptic (non-convulsive status)