Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for motor signs in the upper limbs
| Focal lesion (n = 46) | Controls (n = 19) | Sensitivity (95% CI) | Specificity (95% CI) | PPV (95% CI) | NPV (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pos | Neg | Pos | Neg | |||||
| CI, confidence interval; Neg, test negative; NPV, negative predictive value; Pos, test positive; PPV, positive predictive value; RAM, rapid alternating movements; UMN, upper motor neurone. | ||||||||
| Finger rolling | 15 | 31 | 0 | 19 | 0.33 (0.21 to 0.47) | 1.00 (0.83 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.78 to 1.00) | 0.38 (0.25 to 0.51) |
| UMN weakness | 14 | 32 | 0 | 19 | 0.30 (0.19 to 0.45) | 1.00 (0.83 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.76 to 1.00) | 0.37 (0.24 to 0.51) |
| RAM | 14 | 32 | 0 | 19 | 0.30 (0.19 to 0.45) | 1.00 (0.83 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.76 to 1.00) | 0.37 (0.24 to 0.51) |
| Forearm rolling | 11 | 35 | 0 | 19 | 0.24 (0.14 to 0.38) | 1.00 (0.83 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.70 to 1.00) | 0.35 (0.22 to 0.48) |
| Pronator drift | 10 | 36 | 0 | 19 | 0.22 (0.12 to 0.36) | 1.00 (0.83 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.69 to 1.00) | 0.35 (0.22 to 0.47) |
| Unilateral ↓ arm swing | 10 | 36 | 2 | 17 | 0.22 (0.12 to 0.36) | 0.89 (0.69 to 0.97) | 0.83 (0.51 to 0.98) | 0.32 (0.20 to 0.45) |
| Tapping thumb to fingers | 9 | 37 | 0 | 19 | 0.20 (0.11 to 0.33) | 1.00 (0.83 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.66 to 1.00) | 0.34 (0.22 to 0.46) |
| Fist opening/closing | 7 | 39 | 0 | 19 | 0.15 (0.08 to 0.28) | 1.00 (0.83 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.59 to 1.00) | 0.33 (0.21 to 0.45) |
| Tapping thumb to index finger | 7 | 39 | 0 | 19 | 0.15 (0.08 to 0.28) | 1.00 (0.83 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.59 to 1.00) | 0.33 (0.21 to 0.45) |
| Shoulder shrug | 5 | 41 | 0 | 19 | 0.11 (0.05 to 0.23) | 1.00 (0.83 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.47 to 1.00) | 0.32 (0.20 to 0.43) |
| Hyperreflexia | 5 | 41 | 1 | 18 | 0.11 (0.05 to 0.23) | 0.95 (0.75 to 0.99) | 0.83 (0.39 to 0.99) | 0.31 (0.19 to 0.42) |
| Wartenberg’s sign | 5 | 41 | 1 | 18 | 0.11 (0.05 to 0.23) | 0.95 (0.75 to 0.99) | 0.83 (0.35 to 0.99) | 0.31 (0.19 to 0.42) |
| Palmomental reflex | 5 | 41 | 1 | 18 | 0.11 (0.05 to 0.23) | 0.95 (0.75 to 0.99) | 0.83 (0.35 to 0.99) | 0.31 (0.19 to 0.42) |
| Hoffmann’s sign | 2 | 44 | 0 | 19 | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.15) | 1.00 (0.83 to 0.99) | 1.00 (0.15 to 1.00) | 0.30 (0.19 to 0.41) |
| Spasticity | 2 | 44 | 0 | 19 | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.15) | 1.00 (0.83 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.15 to 1.00) | 0.30 (0.19 to 0.41) |
| Unilateral asterixis | 1 | 45 | 0 | 19 | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.11) | 1.00 (0.83 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.20 to 1.00) | 0.30 (0.18 to 0.41) |
| Unilateral grasp reflex | 0 | 46 | 0 | 19 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.08) | 1.00 (0.83 to 1.00) | – | 0.29 (0.18 to 0.40) |