Group-wise demographic and clinical information
| Study group | t | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Asymptomatic | Symptomatic | |||
| *Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric test of significance used. | |||||
| No of athletes | 84 | 36 | 25 | ||
| Age in years (mean (SD)) | 23.4 (3.6) | 23.3 (3.9) | 22.3 (3.6) | 0.85 | 0.43 |
| Education (secondary/tertiary) | 56/28 | 23/13 | 23/2 | 6.84* | 0.03 |
| Handedness (right/left) | 72/12 | 32/4 | 23/2 | 0.77* | 0.68 |
| Prior concussions (mean (SD)) | 2.0 (2.1) | 2.4 (2.3) | 3.1 (2.6) | 2.12 | 0.12 |
| Loss of consciousness | |||||
| No of athletes (%) | – | 7 (19.4) | 8 (32.0) | 1.11* | 0.27 |
| Duration in minutes (mean (SD)) | – | 1.1 (0.9) | 2.0 (1.5) | 1.38 | 0.19 |
| Post-traumatic amnesia | |||||
| No of athletes (%) | – | 13 (36.1) | 9 (36.0) | 0.23* | 0.82 |
| Duration in minutes (mean (SD)) | – | 1.4 (3.2) | 2.5 (4.3) | 0.71 | 0.48 |
| Symptoms | |||||
| At injury (mean (SD)) | – | 3.3 (1.1) | 4.9 (2.0) | 3.68 | 0.002 |
| At test (mean (SD)) | – | – | 1.8 (0.9) | – | – |
| Hours to symptom resolution (mean (SD)) | – | 47.4 (46.8) | 79.8 (53.0) | 2.36 | 0.02 |
| Days to return to sport (mean (range)) | – | 4.3 (2–14) | 6.5 (2–12) | 2.94 | 0.007 |
| Days between injury and test (mean (range)) | – | 3.5 (1–5) | 2.2 (1–11) | 2.90 | 0.005 |
| No of athletes (%) missing a game | – | 0 (0.0) | 10 (40.0) | 4.18* | <0.001 |