Sustained good recovery at 5–7 years | Good recovery at one year worsening to Disabled at 5–7 years | p Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean | SD | Range | n | Mean | SD | Range | ||
*Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; †Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; ‡Perceived Stress Scale; §Alcohol Use Disorder Test; ¶Drug Abuse Screening Test; **Coughlan Battery; ††Hayling Test; ‡‡Speed and Capacity of Language Processing Test. Greater impairment is associated with higher scores for* to ¶ and lower scores for ** to ‡‡). | |||||||||
Depression* | 41 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 0 to 9 | 13 | 8.9 | 4.0 | 3 to 16 | <0.001 |
Anxiety* | 41 | 6.4 | 4.6 | 0 to 16 | 13 | 11.9 | 3.5 | 6 to 17 | <0.001 |
Self-esteem† | 43 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 0 to 8 | 13 | 5.0 | 1.9 | 2 to 8 | <0.001 |
Perceived stress‡ | 41 | 21.7 | 8.7 | 7 to 44 | 13 | 33.8 | 6.8 | 23 to 43 | <0.001 |
Alcohol§ | 51 | 10.5 | 7.4 | 0 to 36 | 17 | 19.6 | 13.5 | 0 to 40 | 0.001 |
Drugs¶ | 44 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0 to 3 | 14 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 0 to 8 | N/A |
Memory**: delayed recall | 38 | 15.6 | 13.0 | 0 to 48 | 10 | 16.8 | 10.4 | 0 to 34 | 0.781 |
List learning** | 37 | 45.0 | 13.6 | 0 to 74 | 10 | 42.7 | 13.5 | 25 to 65 | 0.637 |
Executive function†† | 36 | 16.4 | 3.8 | 8 to 22 | 11 | 16.5 | 4.1 | 8 to 21 | 0.994 |
Speed of comprehension‡‡ | 36 | 60.7 | 18.0 | 20 to 100 | 11 | 53.4 | 20.9 | 17 to 81 | 0.257 |
Overall cognitive score | 35 | 36.3 | 27.6 | 3 to 95 | 10 | 31.1 | 29.9 | 1 to 84 | 0.610 |