Prognostic factors of early death after severe head injury: summary of univariate analysis for patients in the derivation set
| Variable | No (%) of patients (n = 652) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dead within the first 48 h (n = 114) | Remaining patients (n = 538) | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; IVH, intraventricular haemorrhage; SAH, subarachnoid haemorrhage; —, data not applicable. | ||||
| *Reference categories. | ||||
| †Fisher’s exact test. | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| ⩾65 | 19 (34.5) | 36 (65.5) | 3.12 (1.54 to 6.32) | <0.001 |
| 55–64 | 7 (13.2) | 46 (86.8) | 0.90 (0.34 to 2.28) | 0.81 |
| 45–54 | 9 (14.5) | 53 (85.5) | 1.01 (0.42 to 2.33) | 0.99 |
| 35–44 | 15 (20.0) | 60 (80.0) | 1.48 (0.72 to 3.01) | 0.25 |
| 25–34 | 27 (17.9) | 124 (82.1) | 1.29 (0.72 to 2.29) | 0.36 |
| 15–24* | 37 (14.5) | 219 (85.5) | 1 | — |
| Total GCS score | ||||
| 3 | 62 (64.6) | 34 (35.4) | 67.5 (14.9 to 424) | <0.001 |
| 4 | 31 (26.7) | 85 (73.3) | 13.5 (2.99 to 84.5) | <0.001 |
| 5 | 13 (12.0) | 95 (88.0) | 5.06 (1.04 to 33.6) | 0.02 |
| 6 | 3 (2.7) | 110 (97.3) | 1.01 (0.13 to 8.87) | 1.00† |
| 7 | 3 (2.1) | 140 (97.9) | 0.79 (0.10 to 6.95) | 1.00† |
| 8* | 2 (2.6) | 74 (97.4) | 1 | — |
| Low | 106 (33.1) | 214 (66.9) | 20.1 (9.24 to 45.4) | <0.001 |
| High* | 8 (2.4) | 324 (97.6) | 1 | — |
| Motor GCS score | ||||
| 1 | 62 (64.6) | 34 (35.4) | 74.0 (26.1 to 227) | <0.001 |
| 2 | 31 (26.7) | 85 (73.3) | 14.8 (5.25 to 45.0) | <0.001 |
| 3 | 13 (11.8) | 97 (88.2) | 5.44 (1.74 to 18.1) | <0.001 |
| 4 | 3 (2.5) | 119 (97.5) | 1.02 (0.19 to 5.02) | 1.00† |
| 5* | 5 (2.4) | 203 (97.6) | 1 | — |
| Motor GCS score | ||||
| Low | 106 (32.9) | 216 (67.1) | 19.8 (9.10 to 44.7) | <0.001 |
| High* | 8 (2.4) | 322 (97.6) | 1 | — |
| Pupils | ||||
| Non-reactive bilateral mydriasis | 80 (62.0) | 49 (38.0) | 37.8 (18.4 to 79.3) | <0.001 |
| Non-reactive unilateral mydriasis | 20 (9.5) | 190 (90.5) | 2.44 (1.11 to 5.44) | 0.02 |
| Unknown | 2 (8.7) | 21 (91.3) | 2.21 (0.00 to 11.5) | 0.27† |
| Not “pathological”* | 12 (4.1) | 278 (95.9) | 1 | — |
| Seizure | ||||
| Yes | 2 (4.5) | 42 (95.5) | 0.21 (0.03 to 0.91) | 0.02 |
| No* | 112 (18.4) | 496 (81.6) | 1 | — |
| Shock | ||||
| Yes | 82 (33.3) | 164 (66.7) | 5.84 (3.65 to 9.38) | <0.001 |
| No* | 32 (7.9) | 374 (92.1) | 1 | — |
| Hypoxia | ||||
| Yes | 59 (28.0) | 152 (72.0) | 2.72 (1.77 to 4.20) | <0.001 |
| No* | 55 (12.5) | 386 (87.5) | 1 | – |
| Urgent extracranial surgery | ||||
| Yes | 14 (35.0) | 26 (65.0) | 2.76 (1.32 to 5.72) | 0.003 |
| No* | 100 (16.3) | 512 (83.7) | 1 | – |
| Anaemia | ||||
| Unknown | 29 (60.4) | 19 (39.6) | 19.2 (7.66 to 49.0) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 74 (16.3) | 381 (83.7) | 2.44 (1.21 to 5.01) | 0.007 |
| No* | 11 (7.4) | 138 (92.6) | 1 | — |
| Coagulopathy | ||||
| Unknown | 28 (57.1) | 21 (42.9) | 34.4 (11.8 to 106) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 80 (18.1) | 362 (81.9) | 5.71 (2.34 to 14.9) | <0.001 |
| No* | 6 (3.7) | 155 (96.3) | 1 | — |
| Type of traumatic lesion | ||||
| VI | 13 (76.5) | 4 (23.5) | 150 (30.6 to 856) | <0.001† |
| V | 43 (18.2) | 193 (81.8) | 10.3 (3.81 to 30.2) | <0.001 |
| IV | 12 (50.0) | 12 (50.0) | 46.2 (12.4 to 184) | <0.001† |
| III | 41 (29.5) | 98 (70.5) | 19.3 (7.04 to 57.5) | <0.001 |
| II* | 5 (2.3) | 210 (97.7) | 1 | — |
| I* | 0 (0) | 21 (100) | 1 | — |
| Epidural haematoma | ||||
| Yes | 5 (5.7) | 83 (94.3) | 0.25 (0.09 to 0.66) | 0.002 |
| No* | 109 (19.3) | 455 (80.7) | 1 | — |
| Subdural haematoma | ||||
| Yes | 66 (27.2) | 177 (72.8) | 2.80 (1.82 to 4.33) | <0.001 |
| No* | 48 (11.7) | 361 (88.3) | 1 | — |
| Focal brain contusion | ||||
| Yes | 17 (11.8) | 127 (88.2) | 0.57 (0.31 to 1.01) | 0.04 |
| No* | 97 (19.1) | 411 (80.9) | 1 | — |
| SAH | ||||
| Yes | 46 (38.3) | 74 (61.7) | 4.24 (2.65 to 6.80) | <0.001 |
| No* | 68 (12.8) | 464 (87.2) | 1 | — |
| IVH | ||||
| Yes | 54 (27.7) | 141 (72.3) | 2.53 (1.64 to 3.92) | <0.001 |
| No* | 60 (13.1) | 397 (86.9) | 1 | — |
| Brain swelling | ||||
| Yes | 109 (27.2) | 292 (72.8) | 18.4 (7.09 to 51.9) | < 0.001 |
| No* | 5 (2.0) | 246 (98.0) | 1 | — |
| Cerebral ischaemia | ||||
| Yes | 109 (27.2) | 292 (72.8) | 18.4 (7.09 to 51.9) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 26 (59.1) | 18 (40.9) | 8.54 (4.30 to 17.0) | <0.001 |
| Basal cisterns compressed | ||||
| Yes | 109 (27.2) | 292 (72.8) | 18.4 (7.09 to 51.9) | <0.001 |
| No* | 5 (2.0) | 246 (98.0) | 1 | — |
| Midline shift | ||||
| Yes | 57 (30.2) | 132 (69.8) | 3.08 (1.99 to 4.76) | <0.001 |
| No* | 57 (12.3) | 406 (87.7) | 1 | — |
| Lesion volume >25 ml | ||||
| Yes | 42 (30.2) | 97 (69.8) | 2.65 (1.67 to 4.21) | <0.001 |
| No* | 72 (14.0) | 441 (86.0) | 1 | — |