Table 2 Details of aetiological entities underlying secondary downbeat nystagmus
Aetiologyn
Degenerative23
    Spinocerebellar ataxia13
    Sporadic adult onset ataxia9
    Multisystem atrophy (cerebellar type)1
    Posterior fossa vascular lesions10
    Craniocervical malformation8
    Arnold–Chiari malformation type I7
    Arnold–Chiari malformation type II1
Toxic5
    Chronic ethanol abuse with cerebellar atrophy1
    Chronic ethanol abuse without cerebellar atrophy1
    Anticonvulsants (phenytoin, carbamazepine)2
    Amiodarone1
Inflammatory/infectious4
    Pancerebellar syndrome post-tick borne encephalitis1
    Cerebellitis of unclear aetiology1
    Chronic aseptic meningitis1
    Pontine encephalitis1
Neoplastic4
    Pontomedullary astrocytoma1
    Cerebellar meningeoma1
    Ependymoma; hydrocephalus1
    Plexus papilloma 4th ventricle1
Episodic ataxia type 24
    Paraneoplastic3
    Paraneoplastic (anti-yo/anti-Purkinje-Cell positive)2
    Paraneoplastic (anti-yo/anti-Purkinje-Cell negative)1
Other11