Table 1 Hu-associated braintem encephalitis: neurological syndromes

Case (ref)	Time to admission	Main presenting symptoms	Neurological findings at admission							Outcome
Case (ref)	Time to admission	Main presenting symptoms	Supranuclear gaze palsies	Cranial nerve palsies		Nystagmus	Gait ataxia	Dysautonomia	Long tract dysfunction	Outcome
Ponto-mesencephalic syndrome
1	2 weeks	Diplopia, dizziness	Vertical	III, IV, VI unilateral		Bilateral, horitzontal	Yes	No	No	IX, X, death from pneumonia in 6 weeks; no tumour found at autopsy
2	4 weeks	Diplopia, ptosis	Horizontal	III, VI, VII unilateral		No	Yes	No	No	IX, X, CH, respiratory arrest; death in 12 weeks; SCLC at autopsy
3	8 weeks	Diplopia, dizziness	No	III unilateral		Downbeating	Yes	No	Motor, sensory	IX, X, patient stable and alive 9 years later; no tumour found
4 (10)	8 weeks	Diplopia	No	III, IV, VI bilateral		No	Yes	No	Motor, bilateral	Dysphagia, dysarthria, death from pneumonia; no tumour found
5 (15)	12 weeks	Ptosis	No	III, IV, VI bilateral		No	No	No	No	Gradual improvement in 4 months after sarcoma resection
Pontine syndrome
6	4 weeks	Diplopia	No	VI, unilateral	No		Yes	No	No	VII, IX, X, death in 9 weeks; lung cancer by x ray
7	12 weeks	Dizziness, nausea/vomiting	No	VII, unilateral	Downbeating		Yes	OH	No	IX, X, CH, death in 5 months; no tumour found
8	4 weeks	Diplopia, dizziness, nausea/vomiting	No	VI, unilateral	Downbeating		Yes	No	No	CH, death in 8 days; no tumour was found
9	16 weeks	Dizziness, diplopia, OH	No	VI,	Upbeating		Yes	OH	No	SCLC, patient lost
10	8 weeks	Diplopia, dizziness	No	VII, unilateral	Horizontal, bilateral		Yes	No	Motor	IX, X, sensory tract dysfunction, CH; SCLC; death in 2.5 months
11	4 weeks	Diplopia	No	VI, bilateral	No		Yes	No	Motor, bilateral	IX, X, sensory neuropathy, LEMS; death in 2 years from SCLC
Medullary syndrome
12	2 weeks	CH, dysphagia, dysarthria	No	IX, X, unilateral	No		No	CH	No	Stabilisation; treated with steroids and hormones for prostate cancer
13	<1 week	CH, dysphonia	No	NA*	No		No	CH	No	Blood pressure instability; dead in 4 months; lung cancer by x ray
14	2 weeks	Dizziness, dysarthria, CH	No	VII*	Horizontal		No	CH	Motor, unilateral	Blood pressure instability; dead in 4 weeks; SCLC at autopsy
15	2 weeks	Diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, CH	No	VI, VII, IX, X	No		No	CH	No	XI, cervical motoneuron dysfunction; death in 3 months; kidney cancer
16 (11)	2 weeks	OH, CH	No	NA*	No		NA	OH, CH	No	Downbeat nystagmus, limb ataxia; SCLC; ventilator-dependent at 6 months
17 (9)	6 weeks	Oscillopsia, dysphagia	Hypometric saccades	IX, X, bilateral	Vertical		Yes	No	No	CH, bilateral corticospinal signs; death despite SCLC treatment
18 (14)	4 weeks	Dizziness, diplopia, nausea/vomiting	NA	NA*	NA		Yes	No	NA	CH, recurrent episodes of coma and death; SCLC not treated
19	1 week	Dizziness, diplopia, dysphagia	No	VI, IX, X	Upbeating		Yes	No	Sensory	Right hemiparesis; dead from SCLC progression
20 (4)	4 weeks	Dizziness, OH	No	VII, IX, X	Right horizontal		Yes	OH	No	Not reported; SCLC at autopsy
21 (12)	20 weeks†	Dizziness, hoarseness, dysphagia	No	IX, X, bilateral	Vertical		No	No	No	Improved after SCLC treatment
22 (13)	2 weeks	Diplopia, hoarseness, dysphagia	No	VI, IX, X, bilateral	No		Yes	No	No	Improved with immunotherapy; breast cancer discovered later

*Intubation prevented evaluation of IX, X cranial nerves.
†Previously admitted to another hospital. Time not specified.
CH, central hypoventilation; NA, not available; OH, orthostatic hypotension; SCLC, small-cell lung carcinoma.