Cancer after Parkinson's disease | Cancer before Parkinson's disease | |||||||
Cancer (ICD code)‡ and No of cases in reference cohort (n) | Observed number | Expected number | Adjusted rate ratio (95% CIs)§ | p Value | Observed number | Expected number | Adjusted rate ratio (95% CIs)§ | p Value |
All cancers (140–208) (n=26 064) | 219 | 357.3 | 0.61 (0.53 to 0.70)¶ | <0.001 | 926 | 1106.2 | 0.76 (0.70 to 0.82) | <0.001 |
Oral cavity, pharynx, lip (140–141, 143–146, 148–149) (n=414) | 1 | 5.6 | 0.2 (0 to 1.0) | 0.05 | 18 | 23.8 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.2) | 0.23 |
Larynx (161) (n=282) | 1 | 4 | 0.3 (0 to 1.4) | 0.08 | 14 | 18.4 | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.3) | 0.30 |
Oesophagus (150) (n=887) | 12 | 12.8 | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.6) | 0.82 | 8 | 17.7 | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.9) | 0.02 |
Stomach (151) (n=1403) | 14 | 25.4 | 0.6 (0.3 to 0.9) | 0.02 | 36 | 46 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) | 0.14 |
Colon (153) (n=2668) | 24 | 44.1 | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.8)** | 0.002 | 97 | 130.5 | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.9) | 0.002 |
Rectum (154) (n=1561) | 18 | 25.1 | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1)†† | 0.15 | 61 | 96.3 | 0.6 (0.5 to 0.8) | <0.001 |
Pancreas (157) (n=932) | 11 | 14.2 | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.4) | 0.39 | 7 | 15.4 | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.9) | 0.03 |
Lung (162) (n=4573) | 30 | 56.4 | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.8)‡‡ | <0.001 | 47 | 90.9 | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.7) | <0.001 |
Breast (174, 175) (n=2697) | 21 | 31.6 | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.0) | 0.10 | 133 | 154.3 | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.0) | 0.08 |
Cervix (180) (n=262) | 1 | 1.8 | 0.5 (0 to 3.0) | 0.33 | 10 | 19.3 | 0.5 (0.3 to 1.0) | 0.03 |
Ovary (183.0) (n=525) | 3 | 5.6 | 0.5 (0.1 to 1.6) | 0.28 | 14 | 16 | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.5) | 0.61 |
Uterus (182) (n=391) | 4 | 5.1 | 0.8 (0.2 to 2.0) | 0.61 | 31 | 33.6 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) | 0.64 |
Prostate (185) (n=2425) | 29 | 42 | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.0) | 0.04 | 118 | 130.1 | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.1) | 0.27 |
Kidney (189.0, 189.1) (n=557) | 3 | 6.1 | 0.5 (0.1 to 1.4) | 0.20 | 10 | 15.8 | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.2) | 0.14 |
Bladder (188) (n=1755) | 12 | 23 | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.9)§§ | 0.02 | 106 | 140.3 | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.9) | 0.003 |
Malignant melanoma (172) (n=431) | 0 | 3.7 | 0 (0 to 1.01) | 0.10 | 9 | 18.3 | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.9) | 0.03 |
Other skin cancer (173) (n=1943) | 17 | 29.4 | 0.6 (0.3 to 0.9) | 0.02 | 168 | 175 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.1) | 0.58 |
Malignant brain (191) (n=540) | 2 | 2.6 | 0.8 (0.1 to 2.8) | 0.95 | 6 | 6.1 | 1.0 (0.4 to 2.1) | 0.96 |
Bone (170) (n=187) | 2 | 1.8 | 1.1 (0.1 to 4.0) | 0.89 | 3 | 4.9 | 0.6 (0.1 to 1.8) | 0.53 |
Lymphoma (200–202) (n=1057) | 3 | 11.1 | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.8) | 0.02 | 24 | 27.1 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) | 0.55 |
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (200, 202) (n=922) | 3 | 10.2 | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.9) | 0.02 | 21 | 23.7 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) | 0.58 |
Multiple myeloma (203) (n=502) | 5 | 8.6 | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.4) | 0.22 | 11 | 13.7 | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.4) | 0.47 |
Leukaemia (204–208) (n=875) | 10 | 11.6 | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.6) | 0.64 | 14 | 19.1 | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.2) | 0.24 |
Lymphoid leukaemia (204) (n=426) | 5 | 5.7 | 0.9 (0.3 to 2.1) | 0.76 | 8 | 10.5 | 0.8 (0.3 to 1.5) | 0.43 |
Myeloid leukaemia (205) (n=438) | 5 | 5.2 | 1.0 (0.3 to 2.3) | 0.92 | 5 | 7.5 | 0.7 (0.2 to 1.6) | 0.36 |
Benign brain (225) (n=306) | 2 | 1.5 | 1.3 (0.2 to 4.8) | 1.00 | 14 | 11.4 | 1.2 (0.7 to 2.1) | 0.45 |
↵* Data not shown for seven cancers studied, with non-significant results and fewer than five observed cases in people with Parkinson's disease (combining cancers before and after Parkinson's disease (PD)). The cancers that were studied in addition to those shown in the tables were (with number of cases before and after PD)1: cancers with fewer than five observed cases in people with Parkinson's disease are not shown. Cancers that were studied in addition to those shown in the tables were (with total number of cases): salivary gland (4), nasopharynx (0), liver (4), testis (3), other nervous system (2), thyroid (1) and Hodgkin's disease (3). Results available on request from the authors.
↵† See footnotes to table 2.
↵‡ See footnotes to table 2.
↵§ See footnotes to table 2.
↵¶ All cancer after PD: rate ratio (RR) in males was 0.60 (0.49 to 0.72); RR in females was 0.59 (0.47 to 0.73).
↵** Colon cancer after PD: RR in males was 0.78 (0.42 to 1.31); RR in females was 0.32 (0.13 to 0.66).
↵†† Rectal cancer after PD: RR in males was 0.41 (0.13 to 0.97); RR in females was 0.94 (0.45 to 1.74).
↵‡‡ Lung cancer after PD: RR in males was 0.61 (0.38 to 0.93); RR in females was 0.59 (0.25 to 1.16).
↵§§ Bladder cancer after PD: RR in males was 0.56 (0.25 to 1.06); RR in females was 0.21 (0.01 to 1.18).