Study | Patients (n) | Mean time postonset (months) | Hemisphere | Insula region | Observations |
Case report | |||||
Hyman and Tranel13 | 1 | 0 | Left | Posterior | Aphasia |
Fifer14a | 1 | – | Right | Undefined | Auditory agnosia |
Habib et al15 | 1 | – | Bilateral | Undefined | Transient mutism, non-verbal auditory agnosia, amusia |
Griffiths et al16 | 1 | 4 | Right | Posterior | Auditory agnosia |
Griffiths et al17 | 1 | 12 | Left | Anterior | Amusia |
Carota et al18a | 1 | <1 | Left | Anterior | Aphasia |
Starr et al19a | 2 | >5 years | Left | Undefined | Hypersensitivity to pain |
Case series | |||||
Manes et al20 | 10 | 1–2 | Right (n=4) Left (n=6) | Undefined | Impaired verbal memory (more severe in left lesion patients) |
Pritchard et al21 | 6 | >1 year | Right (n=1) Left (n=5) | Rostrodorsal versus non-rostrodorsal | Impaired taste recognition and magnitude estimate (taste intensity) in patients with rostrodorsal lesions |
Greenspan et al22 | 6 | – | Right (cases BB, KB and CM) Left (cases MC, KH and JE) | Anterior (CM and JE) Posterior (MC) Retro (KH, BB and KB) | Deficits in: (1) heat pain threshold (MC and KH) (2) mechanical pain threshold (MC, KH and BB) (3) cold pain tolerance (MC and CM) (4) innocuous cool threshold MC, KH and BB) |
Cereda et al23 | 4 | >1 | Right (cases 1 and 4) Left (cases 2 and 3) | Posterior (all) | Sensory deficits including transient pain syndrome and in other modalities (cases 2 and 4) Taste recognition deficits (case 2) Acute pseudovestibular syndrome (cases 1, 2 and 4) Somatoparaphrenia (case 4) Aphasia (cases 2 and 3) |
Lesion symptom mapping | |||||
Dronkers24 | 25 | – | Left | Anterior | Apraxia of Speech |
Daniels and Foundas25 | 4 | – | Right (cases 1 and 2) Left (cases 3 and 4) | Anterior (cases 1, 2 and 3) Posterior (cases 2 and 4) | Dysphagia (cases 1, 2 and 3) |
Manes et al26 | 9 | 2 | Right (n=4) Left (n=5) | Undefined | Neglect (tactile, auditory and visual) right > left lesions |
Naqvi et al27 | 19 | – | Right (n=6) Left (n=13) | Undefined | Disruption of smoking addiction |
Clark et al28 | 13 | >12 | Right (n=6) Left (n=7) | Anterior | Impaired risk adjustment |
Weller et al29 | 10 | >3 | Right (n=5) Left (n=5) | Undefined | Impaired risk processing (insensitivity to probability) |
Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping | |||||
Karnath et al30 | 14 | <1 | Right | Posterior | Anosognosia for hemiplegia and hemianaesthesia |
Borovsky et al31 | 50 | >12 | Left | Anterior | Impaired production of fluent and complex speech |
Spinazzola et al32 | 4 | 2 | Right | Posterior | Agnosia for hemianaesthesia |
Golay et al33 | 28 | 2 | Right | Posterior | Neglect |